Feline heartworm disease: A'Rubik's-cube-like' diagnostic and therapeutic challenge
Abstract
Feline heartworm disease presents a unique diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive challenge for veterinarians. Due to the elusive clinical nature and peculiar physiopathology of heartworm infection in cats, a multistep diagnostic process is mandatory. Clinical signs may be absent or atypical. At the present time there is no single ante mortem diagnostic test that can reach a high level of sensitivity for feline heartworm infection. The most efficient approach for the diagnosis of feline heartworm disease is based upon a synergic association of several tests: thoracic radiography and serum antibody tests for rising index of suspicion, and echocardiography and serum antigen tests for confirming the infection. Other tests should be considered of secondary importance, even if they can help to support the diagnosis. Treatment of feline heartworm disease is typically based on clinical signs, as adulticidal therapy is associated with a high rate of complications and cats frequently self-cure. Chemoprophylaxis, knowledge of the biology of the parasite, and a high index of suspicion seem to be the most important tools for combating feline heartworm disease.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many heartworm-infected cats are misdiagnosed with asthma or allergic bronchitis.
“It is estimated that many heartworm-infected cats are misdiagnosed with asthma or allergic bronchitis (4, 5).”
From Seroprevalence of Feline Heartworm in Spain: Completing the Epidemiological Puzzle of a Neglected Disease in the Cat (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Continued exposure, even with preventive therapy, could result in a positive heartworm test.
“continued exposure, even with preventive therapy, could result in a positive test (5, 29).”
From Seroprevalence of Feline Heartworm in Spain: Completing the Epidemiological Puzzle of a Neglected Disease in the Cat (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Microscopic detection of microfilariae and ELISA to detect circulating antigens have low sensitivity in cats.
“Microscopic detection of microfilariae and ELISA to detect circulating antigens have low sensitivity in cats [1].”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
To diagnose FHWD, a multimodal approach is necessary, combining thoracic radiographs, serum antibody tests, echocardiography and serum antigen tests; necropsy is the gold standard for detecting adult worms.
“To diagnose FHWD, a multimodal approach is necessary. A combination of diagnostic tools like thoracic radiographs, serum antibody tests, echocardiography and serum antigen tests are recommended. Necropsy is the gold standard for detecting adult worms [1,10,11].”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Usually, the worm burden is low and infections with only male or female adults reduce the sensitivity of the antigenic reaction.
“Usually, the worm burden is low and infections with only male or female adults reduce the sensitivity of the antigenic reaction.”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Right atrial and right ventricular enlargement appear quite rarely in cats and are commonly observed in dogs.
“These findings seem to appear quite rarely in cats and are commonly observed in dogs [1].”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
In a study, cats experimentally infected with 100 L3 larvae developed three to ten adult heartworms in 75% of the study population.
“As part of a study, cats were experimentally infected with 100 L3 larvae, three to ten adult heartworms developed in 75% of the cats in this study population [1].”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
A negative antigenic test cannot be the basis for ruling out an infection with D. immitis.
“A negative antigenic test cannot be the basis for ruling out an infection with D. immitis.”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Melarsomine is not safe in cats and can trigger pulmonary thromboembolism and anaphylactic reactions as a result of parasite death.
“Melarsomine, which is used as adulticidal therapy in dogs is not safe in cats and can trigger pulmonary thromboembolism and anaphylactic reactions as result of parasite death.”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Acute death of cats can occur when even only one worm is present.
“Acute death of cats can occur when even only one worm is present [1,10].”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
In cats, the benefit of doxycycline pre-treatment has not yet been evaluated.
“In cats, this benefit has not yet been evaluated.”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Antibody tests detect antibodies produced by the host in response to infection, can remain positive for a long time after the death of the parasite, and do not differentiate a current from a past infection.
“On the other hand, antibody tests detect antibodies produced by the host in response to infection, which therefore can remain positive for a long time after the death of the parasite and do not differentiate a current or a past infection [24, 26].”
From Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
Detection of antigen cannot confirm the presence of immature stages of the parasite.
“Detection of antigen cannot confirm the presence of immature stages of the parasite.”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Melarsomine is toxic to cats at doses as low as 3.5 mg/kg.
“Melarsomine is toxic to cats at doses as low as 3.5 mg/kg [1,10,15].”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
D. immitis and D. repens have moderate host specificity and are able to infect a wide range of vertebrates, including cats and humans.
“Nevertheless, these filarioids have moderate host specificity and are able to infect a wide range of vertebrates, also including cats and humans”
From Dirofilaria spp. and Angiostrongylus vasorum: current risk of spreading in Central and Northern Europe. (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
Laboratory diagnosis may reveal eosinophilia on complete blood count and on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology.
“Laboratory diagnosis may reveal eosinophilia on complete blood count and on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology.”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [39]
In contrast with dogs, both microscopic detection of microfilariae and ELISA or immunochromatographic (IC)-based tests that detect circulating antigens of adult D immitis females have low sensitivity in cats.
“In contrast with dogs, both microscopic detection of microfilariae and ELISA or immunochromatographic (IC)-based tests that detect circulating antigens of adult D immitis females have low sensitivity in cats.”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [39]
Characteristic radiographic abnormalities include a vascular pattern and patchy infiltrates around the caudal lobar arteries or a diffuse bronchointerstitial pattern.
“Characteristic abnormalities include a vascular pattern (enlargement, loss of tapering, tortuosity and truncation of the right or both caudal pulmonary arteries on ventrodorsal radiographs) and patchy infiltrates around the caudal lobar arteries resulting from plasma leakage and perivascular inflammation (often peripheral in caudal lobes) (Figure 8) or a diffuse bronchointerstitial pattern.”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [39]
Cites
Chapter 4 Heartworm Disease in Animals and Humans
McCall, J. W., Genchi, C., Kramer, L. H., Guerrero, J., & Venco, L. (2008) · Advances in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00204-2 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Self-citationWolbachia.Bacterial Endosymbionts of Filarial Nematodes
Taylor, M. J., Bandi, C., & Hoerauf, A. M. (2005) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(05)60004-8 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe
Otranto, D., Dantas-Torres, F., Brianti, E., Traversa, D., Petrić, D., Genchi, C., & Capelli, G. (2013) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-16 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Discrimination between six species of canine microfilariae by a single polymerase chain reaction
Rishniw, M., Barr, S. C., Simpson, K. W., Frongillo, M. F., Franz, M., & Dominguez Alpizar, J. L. (2006) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.013 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Heat treatment prior to testing allows detection of antigen of Dirofilaria immitis in feline serum
Little, S. E., Raymond, M. R., Thomas, J. E., Gruntmeir, J., Hostetler, J. A., Meinkoth, J. H., & Blagburn, B. L. (2014) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-1 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends
Morchón, R., Carretón, E., González-Miguel, J., & Mellado-Hernández, I. (2012) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00196 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Is heartworm disease really spreading in Europe?
Genchi, C., Rinaldi, L., Cascone, C., Mortarino, M., & Cringoli, G. (2005) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.04.009 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Genchi, C., Mortarino, M., Rinaldi, L., Cringoli, G., Traldi, G., & Genchi, M. (2011) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.012 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Nelson, C. T., McCall, J. W., Rubin, S. B., Buzhardt, L. F., Dorion, D. W., Graham, W., Longhofer, S. L., Guerrero, J., Robertson-Plouch, C. K., & Paul, A. J. (2005) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.009 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Magnis, J., Lorentz, S., Guardone, L., Grimm, F., Magi, M., Naucke, T. J., & Deplazes, P. (2013) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-48 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Wolbachia and its influence on the pathology and immunology of Dirofilaria immitis infection
Kramer, L., Grandi, G., Leoni, M., Passeri, B., McCall, J., Genchi, C., Mortarino, M., & Bazzocchi, C. (2008) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.014 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Understanding Feline Heartworm Infection: Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Lee, A. C. Y., & Atkins, C. E. (2010) · Topics in Companion Animal Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.003 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Feline heartworm disease: A clinical review
Litster, A. L., & Atwell, R. B. (2008) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.007 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Heartworm infection in cats: 50 cases (1985–1997)
Atkins, C. E., DeFrancesco, T. C., Coats, J. R., Sidley, J. A., & Keene, B. W. (2000) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.2000.217.355 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANINE HEARTWORM INFECTION
Grieve, R. B., Lok, J. B., & Glickman, L. T. (1983) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036260 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Comparison of Serological Tests for the Detection of Natural Heartworm Infection in Cats
Berdoulay, P., Levy, J. K., Snyder, P. S., Pegelow, M. J., Hooks, J. L., Tavares, L. M., Gibson, N. M., & Salute, M. E. (2004) · Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association · doi:10.5326/0400376 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Performance of serologic tests used to detect heartworm infection in cats
Snyder, P. S., Levy, J. K., Salute, M. E., Gorman, S. P., Kubilis, P. S., Smail, P. W., & George, L. L. (2000) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.2000.216.693 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Morchón, R., Ferreira, A. C., Martín-Pacho, J. R., Montoya, A., Mortarino, M., Genchi, C., & Simón, F. (2004) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.08.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Fortin, J., & Slocombe, J. O. D. (1981) · Mosquito news · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Venco, L., Genchi, M., Genchi, C., Gatti, D., & Kramer, L. (2011) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.013 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationBrowne, L. E., Carter, T. D., Levy, J. K., Snyder, P. S., & Johnson, C. M. (2005) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1544 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Liotta, J. L., Sandhu, G., Rishniw, M., & Bowman, D. D. (2013) · Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.1645/12-10.1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Clinical evolution and radiographic findings of feline heartworm infection in asymptomatic cats
Venco, L., Genchi, C., Genchi, M., Grandi, G., & Kramer, L. H. (2008) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationRay Dillon, A., Tillson, D. M., Wooldridge, A., Cattley, R., Hathcock, J., Brawner, W. R., Cole, R., Welles, B., Christopherson, P. W., Lee-Fowler, T., et al. (2014) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.09.007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Canine and feline caval syndrome
Strickland, K. N. (1998) · Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/s1096-2867(98)80012-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dillon, A. R., Warner, A. E., Brawner, W., Hudson, J., & Tillson, M. (2008) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Biology of experimental heartworm infections in cats
McCall, J. W., Dzimianski, M. T., McTier, T. L., Jernigan, A. D., Jun, J. J., Mansour, A. E., Supakorndej, P., Plue, R. E., Clark, J., & Wallace, D. H. (1992) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Use of echocardiography for the diagnosis of heartworm disease in cats: 43 cases (1985–1997)
DeFrancesco, T. C., Atkins, C. E., Miller, M. W., Meurs, K. M., & Keene, B. W. (2001) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.2001.218.66 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Prevalence of heartworm infection in cats with signs of cardiorespiratory abnormalities
Atkins, C. E., DeFrancesco, T. C., Miller, M. W., Meurs, K. M., & Keene, B. W. (1998) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.1998.212.04.517 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Litster, A., Atkins, C. E., Atwell, R., & Buchanan, J. W. (2005) · Journal of Veterinary Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2005.02.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Acute death in heartworm-infected cats: Unraveling the puzzle
Litster, A., Atkins, C., & Atwell, R. (2008) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Two dimensional echocardiography for diagnosis of dirofilariasis in nine dogs
Badertscher, R. R., Losonsky, J. M., Paul, A. J., & Kneller, S. K. (1988) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.1988.193.07.843 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5).(39) Sometimes, dead heartworms can be recognized by collapse of the parallel sides of the body wall.”
BackgroundSurgical removal of heartworms from a cat with caval syndrome
Glaus, T. M., Jacobs, G. J., Rawlings, C. A., Watson, E. D., & Calvert, C. A. (1995) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.1995.206.05.663 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Pulmonary Arteriography and Hemodynamics During Feline Heartworm Disease
Rawlings, C. A. (1990) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1990.tb03125.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dillon, A. R., Brawner, A. R., Robertson-Plouch, C. K., & Guerrero, J. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Use of a nitinol gooseneck snare catheter for removal of adult Dirofilaria immitis in two cats
Small, M. T., Atkins, C. E., Gordon, S. G., Birkenheuer, A. J., Booth-Sayer, M. A., Keene, B. W., Fujii, Y., & Miller, M. W. (2008) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.233.9.1441 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Echocardiographic quantification of Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected cats
Atkins, C. E., Arther, R. G., Ciszewski, D. K., Davis, W. L., Ensley, S. M., Guity, P. S., Chopade, H., Hoss, H., & Settje, T. L. (2008) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Surgical removal of heartworms from the right atrium of a cat
Borgarelli, M., Venco, L., Piga, P. M., Bonino, F., & Ryan, W. G. (1997) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.1997.211.01.68 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationThe domestic cat as a host for Brugian filariasis in South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia
Palmieri, J. R., Masbar, S., Purnomo, P., Marwoto, H. A., Tirtokusumo, S., & Darwis, F. (1985) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x00008099 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dirofilaria immitis in cats: diagnosis and management.
Nelson, C. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Right Atriotomy Using Total Venous Inflow Occlusion for Removal of Heartworms in a Cat
IIZUKA, T., HOSHI, K., ISHIDA, Y., & SAKATA, I. (2009) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Science · doi:10.1292/jvms.71.489 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Renal effects of Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally and naturally infected cats
Atkins, C. E., Vaden, S. L., Arther, R. G., Ciszewski, D. K., Davis, W. L., Ensley, S. M., & Chopade, N. H. (2011) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Forty-five cases of feline heartworm in Australia (1990-1998).
Evans, E. A., Litster, A., Gunew, M. N., & Menrath, V. H. (2000) · Australian veterinary practitioner · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tsang, V. C. W. (1982) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/0304-4017(82)90022-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heartworm disease – Overview, intervention, and industry perspective
Noack, S., Harrington, J. L., Carithers, D. S., Kaminsky, R., & Selzer, P. M. (2021) · International Journal for Parasitology Drugs and Drug Resistance · doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.03.004 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Fuehrer, H.-P., Morelli, S., Unterköfler, M. S., Bajer, A., Bakran-Lebl, K., Dwużnik-Szarek, D., Farkas, R., Grandi, G., Heddergott, M., Jokelainen, P., et al. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10101268 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Canine and Feline Parasitology: Analogies, Differences, and Relevance for Human Health
Morelli, S., Diakou, A., Cesare, A. D., Colombo, M., & Traversa, D. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00266-20 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Occurrence of canine and feline extra-intestinal nematodes in key endemic regions of Italy
Traversa, D., Morelli, S., Cassini, R., Crisi, P. E., Russi, I., Grillotti, E., Manzocchi, S., Simonato, G., Beraldo, P., Viglietti, A., et al. (2019) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.009 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationDirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management
Pennisi, M. G., Tasker, S., Hartmann, K., Belák, S., Addie, D., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Hosie, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1177/1098612x20917601 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Forecasting United States heartworm Dirofilaria immitis prevalence in dogs
Bowman, D. D., Liu, Y., McMahan, C. S., Nordone, S. K., Yabsley, M. J., & Lund, R. (2016) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1804-y · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain
Montoya-Alonso, J. A., Morchón, R., Falcón-Cordón, Y., Falcón-Cordón, S., Simón, F., & Carretón, E. (2017) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2299-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Animal and Human Dirofilariasis in India and Sri Lanka: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Thilakarathne, S. S., Yuen, K. Y., Hassan, M. M., Yahathugoda, T. C., & Abdullah, S. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13091551 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cardiopulmonary and inflammatory biomarkers in heartworm disease
Carretón, E., Morchón, R., & Montoya-Alonso, J. A. (2017) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2448-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Interstitial lung diseases in dogs and cats part II: Known cause and other discrete forms
Reinero, C. R. (2018) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.011 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Feline asthma and heartworm disease: Clinical features, diagnostics and therapeutics
Garrity, S., Lee-Fowler, T., & Reinero, C. (2019) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1177/1098612x18823348 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapeutics
Lahmers, S. M. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119404576.ch10 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Prevalence and epidemiology of canine and feline heartworm infection in Taiwan
Lu, T.-L., Wong, J.-Y., Tan, T.-L., & Hung, Y. (2017) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2435-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Oldach, M. S., Gunther‐Harrington, C. T., Balsa, I. M., McLarty, E. M., Wakeman, K. A., Phillips, K. L., Honkavaara, J. M., Visser, L. C., & Stern, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.15070 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Canine and Feline Cardiovascular System
Bahr, R. J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-48247-9.00047-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria
Kulmer, L.-M., Unterköfler, M. S., Fuehrer, H.-P., Janovska, V., Pagac, M., Svoboda, M., Venco, L., & Leschnik, M. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10091104 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationBiasato, I., Tursi, M., Zanet, S., Longato, E., & Capucchio, M. T. (2017) · Journal of Veterinary Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2016.08.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gueldner, E. K., Schuppisser, C., Borel, N., Hilbe, M., & Schnyder, M. (2019) · Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100342 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Genchi, M., Mangia, C., Ferrari, N., & Loukeri, S. (2017) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-017-5709-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Montoya-Alonso, J. A., García Rodríguez, S. N., Carretón, E., Rodríguez Escolar, I., Costa-Rodríguez, N., Matos, J. I., & Morchón, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.900371 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
First report on clinical feline heartworm ( <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i> ) infection in Romania
Pană, D., Rădulescu, A., Mitrea, I. L., & Ionita, M. (2020) · Helminthologia · doi:10.2478/helm-2020-0009 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Unusual feline Dirofilaria immitis infection: a case report
Alberigi, B., de Oliveira, A. C., Vieira, G. S. R., Fernandes, P. D. A., Labarthe, N., & Mendes-de-Almeida, F. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária/Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1590/s1984-29612020061 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dirofilaria spp. infection in cats from the Mediterranean basin: diagnosis and epidemiology
Carbonara, M., Perles, L., Venco, L., Gabrielli, S., Barrs, V. R., Miró, G., Papadopoulos, E., Lima, C., Bouhsira, E., Baneth, G., et al. (2025) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.01.011 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationDirofilaria immitis in Italian Cats and the Risk of Exposure by Aedes albopictus
Genchi, M., Rodríguez-Escolar, I., Morchón, R., Semeraro, M., Kramer, L. H., Colombo, L., & Vismarra, A. (2023) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2023.0097 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Focus on Common Small Animal Vector-Borne Diseases in Central and Southeastern Europe
Michael, L. (2020) · Acta veterinaria · doi:10.2478/acve-2020-0011 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Villanueva-saz, S., Giner, J., Verde, M., Yzuel, A., González, A., Lacasta, D., Marteles, D., & Fernández, A. (2021) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100541 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Feline vector-borne diseases: from local risks to global concerns
Otranto, D., Carbonara, M., Baneth, G., Dantas‐Torres, F., Lappin, M. R., & Barrs, V. R. (2025) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2025.04.009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Emerging Roles of Micrornas in Veterinary Cardiology
Reis-Ferreira, A., Neto-Mendes, J., Brás‐Silva, C., Lobo, L., & Fontes-Sousa, A. P. (2022) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci9100533 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Winter, R. L., Dillon, A. R., Cattley, R. C., Blagburn, B. L., Tillson, D. M., Johnson, C. M., Brawner, W. R., Welles, E. G., & Barney, S. (2017) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2451-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Murillo, D. F. B., Starkey, L. A., Wood, T., Smith, R. C., Blagburn, B. L., Bowles, J. V., Allen, H. C., Lewis, C., Shu, Y. L., & Wang, C. (2023) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-023-05829-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Singh, S., Davenport, K. A., Schooley, E. K., Ruggiero, A., Nassar, S., Buch, J. S., & Chandrashekar, R. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15102117 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Dirofilaria spp. in cats
Perles, L., Carbonara, M., Mendoza‐Roldan, J. A., Venco, L., Gabrielli, S., & Otranto, D. (2025) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-024-06657-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationChocobar, M. L. E., Schmidt, E. M. D. S., Mendes, Â., Johnson, P., Weir, W., & Panarese, R. (2024) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci12010003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tong, C. W., & Gonzalez, A. L. (2020) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Baker, C. F., McCall, J., Mansour, A., McCall, S. D., Shaffer, T., Wakeland, K., Mitchell, E. B., Frost, J., Tielemans, E., & Bowman, D. D. (2021) · Parasite · doi:10.1051/parasite/2021026 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tonev, A. S., Kirkova, Z., Iliev, P. T., Roussenov, A., Chaprazov, T., Roydev, R., & Pirovski, N. (2021) · Helminthologia · doi:10.2478/helm-2021-0005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Feline heartworm disease and environmental allergens hypersensitivity: is there a link?
García-Rodríguez, S. N., Costa-Rodríguez, N., Matos, J. I., Falcón-Cordón, Y., Morchón, R., Carretón, E., & Montoya-Alonso, J. A. (2023) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-023-05776-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How Italian practitioners manage dirofilariosis in dogs and cats? Data of a second national survey
Genchi, M., Kramer, L. H., Venco, L., Ciucă, L., & Vismarra, A. (2023) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100934 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationKaye, S. W., Johnson, S., Rios, C. A., & Fletcher, D. J. (2017) · Veterinary Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1111/vcp.12540 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Falcón-Cordón, S., Falcón-Cordón, Y., García-Rodríguez, S. N., Costa-Rodríguez, N., Vera-Rodríguez, D. J., Montoya-Alonso, J. A., & Carretón, E. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14202943 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zoonotic filariasis and its public health significance: a comprehensive literature review
Remya, M., Rahi, M., & Saini, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1700645 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
García-Rodríguez, S. N., Matos, J. I., García-Guasch, L., Mohr-Peraza, E., Montoya-Alonso, J. A., & Carretón, E. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15223320 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yonetake, W., Fujii, T., Naito, M., Maeder, S. J., & Rugg, D. (2019) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.04.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ritthikulprasert, S., Jirapiti, P., & Pengpis, S. (2020) · The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.56808/2985-1130.3082 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis in cats from the Aegean region in Turkey
Tuna, G. E., Aksoy, K., & Ay, C. D. (2022) · Medycyna Weterynaryjna · doi:10.21521/mw.6706 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Heartworm Disease – Intervention and Industry Perspective 1
Noack, S., Harrington, J. L., Carithers, D. S., Kaminsky, R., & Selzer, P. M. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527823413.ch9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
In Vivo Assays – Discovery and Development of New Antifilarial Drugs in Companion Animals
Sager, H., Lizundia, R., & White, W. H. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9783527823413.ch17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Magnus, C. D. N., Rocha, K. S., Telöken, R. L., & Moura, M. S. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006759
Chetboul, V., & Taton, C. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-74873-8.00015-1
Use of broad-spectrum parasiticides in canine and feline parasitology
Colombo, M., & Traversa, D. (2021) · The Veterinary Nurse · doi:10.12968/vetn.2021.12.9.410
Smith‐Blackmore, M. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119294382.ch18
de Souza, S. R., da Rosa, D. A. D., Ferreira, L. F., Moreira, L. B., Couto, L. F., Louzeiro, D. D. C. S., Evangelista, G. B., & Mirandela, V. H. D. C. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006713
Ensino, pesquisa e extensão: uma abordagem pluralista
(2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/2022.edcl598
REAPROVEITAMENTO DO LIXO – UMA NOVA VISÃO A PARTIRDOS CONHECIMENTOS OBTIDOS NAS AULAS DE QUÍMICA
Trindade, J. D. D. S. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006746
Ferrante, A. A., Martins, I. R., Silva, L. A. D. C., Percário, S., & Ferreira, M. E. S. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006707
Arte cinematográfica: bioética, educação e humanização
Panhoni, V. A. C. S. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006640
OS DESAFIOS DAS CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS NO ENSINO REMOTO EMERGENCIAL – UM RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA
Ribeiro, T. G., Teixeira, L. M. D. L., & Alves, D. M. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006782
CANDIDÍASE CANINA - REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Diomena, M. L. D. L., Inacio, B. C., do Amaral, B. J. B. R., Matias, L. S., da Silva, M. D. F., Lima, I. H. M., Alves, N. F., da Silva, R. L., Semprebom, M., & Kister, A. K. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006637
Gama, J. A. D. S., dos Santos, J. J. S., Gama, R. S., de Albuquerque, S. C., de Santana, P. R., Balbino, M. C. F. C., de Almeida, L. G. B. F., & Dias, S. K. B. D. M. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006665
ACUPUNTURA EM ANIMAIS DOMESTICOS - REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Diomena, M. L. D. L., Inacio, B. C., Kister, A. K., Silva, C. D. D. S., Silva, K. P., da Silva, R. L., da Silva, M. D. F., Lima, I. H. M., da Silva, I. R., & Alves, N. F. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006638
Marinho, V. L., Santos, A. S., de Jesus, E. L., & Silva, E. S. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006729
LETRAMENTO ESCOLAR E DOMÉSTICO NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL: estado de conhecimento
Dias, P. D. R. L. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006739
Brener, B., Bastos, B. F., Keidel, L., Pereira, B. B. N., & Leles, D. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221006708
How Italian Practitioners Manage Dirofilariosis in Cats and Dogs? Data of a Second National SurveyPreprint
Genchi, M., Kramer, L. H., Venco, L., Ciucă, L., & Vismarra, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4485429
Self-citationDiagnosis and Treatment of Dirofilaria immitis in Two Cats From Italy
Carbonara, M., Venco, L., Bossolini, E., Roncetti, G., Barrs, V. R., & Otranto, D. (2025) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.70394
Self-citationMurillo, D. F. B., Starkey, L. A., Wood, T., Smith, R., Blagburn, B. L., Bowles, J. V., Allen, H. C., Lewis, C., Shu, Y., & Wang, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26612669
García-Rodríguez, S. N., Matos, J. I., García-Guasch, L., Mohr-Peraza, E., Montoya-Alonso, J. A., & Carretón, E. (2026) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci13020186
García-Rodríguez, S. N., Matos, J. I., Montoya-Alonso, J. A., García-Guasch, L., Mohr-Peraza, E., & Carretón, E. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16111586
Feline heartworm disease in endemic settings: an integrated diagnostic approach
Nonnis, F., Corda, A., Zeinoun, P., Cavallo, L., Corda, F., Cubeddu, F., Rocca, S., Parpaglia, M. L. P., Mollica, A., Amatori, M. A., et al. (2026) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2026.106280 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gomes, K. M. C., de Araújo, B. V. S., da Silva, V. A., Pereira, M. D. F., da Silva, M. J. A., de Melo, R. P. B., Marques, C. L. M., Ramos, R. A. N., Verocai, G. G., & Alves, L. C. (2026) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101528
Karisa, J., Mohapatra, A. R., Sandland, L., Abadam, C. F., Akaratovic, K. I., Kiser, J., & Molaei, G. (2026) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens15090906
- Authors
- Venco, L., Marchesotti, F., & Manzocchi, S.
- Corresponding author
- Venco, L.
- Venue
- Journal of Veterinary Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 17
- Pages
- S190-S201
- ISSN
- 1760-2734 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2250787604
- Semantic Scholar
- 46953fda11fa1432ac6a0ca8f65b4d8e5f081528
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 0.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Veterinary Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Keywords
- feline heartworm disease, Dirofilaria immitis, diagnostic testing, antibody detection, echocardiography, thoracic radiography, chemoprophylaxis, self-cure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dirofilariasis, Filaricides
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
