The DOI matches its Crossref record; 222 of the 222 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
T cell exhaustion during persistent viral infections
Open accessAbstract
Although robust and highly effective anti-viral T cells contribute to the clearance of many acute infections, viral persistence is associated with the development of functionally inferior, exhausted, T cell responses. Exhaustion develops in a step-wise and progressive manner, ranges in severity, and can culminate in the deletion of the anti-viral T cells. This disarming of the response is consequential as it compromises viral control and potentially serves to dampen immune-mediated damage. Exhausted T cells are unable to elaborate typical anti-viral effector functions. They are characterized by the sustained upregulation of inhibitory receptors and display a gene expression profile that distinguishes them from prototypic effector and memory T cell populations. In this review we discuss the properties of exhausted T cells; the virological and immunological conditions that favor their development; the cellular and molecular signals that sustain the exhausted state; and strategies for preventing and reversing exhaustion to favor viral control.
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“Although robust protective T cell responses which help achieve complete viral clearance are often elicited, exhausted T cell populations with reduced effector properties can emerge, especially during chronic infections (Klenerman and Hill, 2005; Wherry, 2011; Yi et al., 2010a).”
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Self-citationT-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40–CD40L interactions
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TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-β REGULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES
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Self-citationEpidemiology and Immune Pathogenesis of Viral Sepsis
Lin, G.-L., McGinley, J. P., Drysdale, S. B., & Pollard, A. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02147 · Cited by 351
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kahan, S. M., Wherry, E. J., & Zajac, A. J.
- Venue
- Virology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 479-480
- Pages
- 180-193
- ISSN
- 0042-6822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2019446509
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 222
- FWCI
- 12.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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