The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1,098 of the 1,098 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
T cells in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve T cells differentiate into CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic effector and memory cells, mediating direct killing, diverse immune regulatory function, and long-term protection. In response to acute and chronic infections and tumors, T cells adopt distinct differentiation trajectories and develop into a range of heterogeneous populations with various phenotype, differentiation potential, and functionality under precise and elaborate regulations of transcriptional and epigenetic programs. Abnormal T-cell immunity can initiate and promote the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of T cell development, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell classification, and differentiation in physiological settings. We further elaborate the heterogeneity, differentiation, functionality, and regulation network of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in infectious disease, chronic infection and tumor, and autoimmune disease, highlighting the exhausted CD8+ T cell differentiation trajectory, CD4+ T cell helper function, T cell contributions to immunotherapy and autoimmune pathogenesis. We also discuss the development and function of γδ T cells in tissue surveillance, infection, and tumor immunity. Finally, we summarized current T-cell-based immunotherapies in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, with an emphasis on their clinical applications. A better understanding of T cell immunity provides insight into developing novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in human diseases.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
TIGIT predominantly regulates the immune response via regulatory T cells
Kurtulus, S., Sakuishi, K., Ngiow, S.-F., Joller, N., Tan, D. J., Teng, M. W. L., Smyth, M. J., Kuchroo, V. K., & Anderson, A. C. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci81187 · Cited by 551
RetractedThe language of covalent histone modifications
Strahl, B. D., & Allis, C. D. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/47412 · Cited by 8,679
Control of Regulatory T Cell Development by the Transcription Factor Foxp3
Hori, S., Nomura, T., & Sakaguchi, S. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1079490 · Cited by 8,187
Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells
Fontenot, J. D., Gavin, M. A., & Rudensky, A. Y. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni904 · Cited by 7,745
Bettelli, E., Carrier, Y., Gao, W., Korn, T., Strom, T. B., Oukka, M., Weiner, H. L., & Kuchroo, V. K. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04753 · Cited by 6,992
Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade
Ribas, A., & Wolchok, J. D. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar4060 · Cited by 6,791
The genomic and transcriptomic architecture of 2,000 breast tumours reveals novel subgroups
METABRIC Group, Curtis, C., Shah, S. P., Chin, S.-F., Turashvili, G., Rueda, O. M., Dunning, M. J., Speed, D., Lynch, A. G., Samarajiwa, S., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10983 · Cited by 6,097
Notch Signaling: Cell Fate Control and Signal Integration in Development
Artavanis-Tsakonas, S., Rand, M. D., & Lake, R. J. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5415.770 · Cited by 5,909
Park, J.-H., Adoro, S., Guinter, T., Erman, B., Alag, A. S., Catalfamo, M., Kimura, M. Y., Cui, Y., Lucas, P. J., Gress, R. E., et al. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1840 · Cited by 5,835
Sakaguchi, S., Sakaguchi, N., Asano, M., Itoh, M., & Toda, M. (1995) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.155.3.1151 · Cited by 5,608
Cited by
γδ T cells: origin and fate, subsets, diseases and immunotherapy
Hu, Y., Hu, Q., Li, Y., Lu, L., Xiang, Z., Yin, Z., Kabelitz, D., & Wu, Y. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01653-8 · Cited by 382
CAR-T cell therapy for cancer: current challenges and future directions
Zugasti, I., Espinosa-Aroca, L., Fidyt, K., Mulens-Arias, V., Diaz-Beya, M., Juan, M., Urbano-Ispizua, Á., Esteve, J., Velasco-Hernandez, T., & Menéndez, P. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02269-w · Cited by 281
Breaking Boundaries: Chronic Diseases and the Frontiers of Immune Microenvironments
Li, G., Wan, Y., Jiao, A., Jiang, K., Cui, G., Tang, J., Yu, S., Hu, Z., Zhao, S., Yi, Z., et al. (2025) · Med Research · doi:10.1002/mdr2.70007 · Cited by 63
Self-citationAkhtar, A., Shakir, M., Ansari, M. S., Divya, Faizan, M. I., Chauhan, V., Singh, A., Alam, R., Azmi, I., Sharma, S., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102021 · Cited by 21
Mahoney, K. E., Reser, L., Ruiz Cuevas, M. V., Abelin, J. G., Shabanowitz, J., Hunt, D. F., & Malaker, S. A. (2025) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100971 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Sun, L., Su, Y., Jiao, A., Wang, X., & Zhang, B.
- Venue
- Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
- Published
- 2023-06-19
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 235-235
- ISSN
- 2059-3635 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4381149624
- Cited by
- 1,014
- References
- 1,098
- FWCI
- 88.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: T cells in health and disease. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41392-023-01471-y
- The paper
- Sun, L., Su, Y., Jiao, A., Wang, X., & Zhang, B. (2023). T cells in health and disease. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01471-y
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
