Chemical and process mineralogical characterizations of spent lithium-ion batteries: An approach by multi-analytical techniques

A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries

Xu, J., Thomas, H. R., Francis, R. W., Lum, K. R., Wang, J., & Liang, B. (2007) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.074 · Cited by 812

Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant

Li, L., Ge, J., Wu, F., Chen, R., Chen, S., & Wu, B. (2009) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.026 · Cited by 651

Development of a metal recovery process from Li-ion battery wastes

Shin, S. M., Kim, N. H., Sohn, J.-S., Yang, D. H., & Kim, Y. H. (2005) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2005.06.004 · Cited by 519

Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Sun, L., & Qiu, K. (2011) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.114 · Cited by 493

Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion secondary batteries

Zhang, P., Yokoyama, T., Itabashi, O., Suzuki, T. M., & Inoue, K. (1998) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/s0304-386x(97)00050-9 · Cited by 475

Process for the recovery of cobalt oxalate from spent lithium-ion batteries

Chen, L., Tang, X., Zhang, Y., Li, L., Zeng, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2011) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.02.010 · Cited by 462

Preparation of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries

Lee, C. K., & Rhee, K.-I. (2002) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00037-x · Cited by 439

A laboratory-scale lithium-ion battery recycling process

Contestabile, M., Panero, S., & Scrosati, B. (2001) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(00)00523-1 · Cited by 435

Bioleaching of metals from spent lithium ion secondary batteries using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.

Mishra, D., Kim, D.-J., Ralph, D. E., Ahn, J.-G., & Rhee, Y.-H. (2008) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.010 · Cited by 413

Reductive leaching of cathodic active materials from lithium ion battery wastes

Lee, C. K., & Rhee, K.-I. (2003) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/s0304-386x(02)00167-6 · Cited by 399

Coupling flexible stripping with efficient impurity removal for high-quality regeneration of spent LiFePO4 materials

Lu, Q., Peng, Z., Nie, X., Zhu, Z., & Wang, M. (2025) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115053 · Cited by 5

Toward More Recyclable and Sustainable Lithium-Ion Batteries

Liu, Y., Zhu, Y., Appleberry, M. C., Li, F., Mu, A. U., Jiao, B., Chen, J., Wang, G., Xu, P., & Chen, Z. (2025) · ACS Applied Energy Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaem.5c00605 · Cited by 5

Lithium-ion batteries recycling: Review of reactor and process design, scalability, cost, and environmental performance

Benaabidate, S., Mounafia, N. E., Rahimpour, S., Fogarasi, S., Lasri, K., Wilson, B. P., Cormos, A., Taha, Y., Hakkou, R., Saadoune, I., et al. (2026) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2026.120712 · Cited by 8

Scalable Direct Recycling of NMC532 From End‐of‐Life Batteries via Physical Separation and Solid‐State Relithiation

Sita, L. E., Sommerville, R. P. Z., O’Hara, U., da Silva, W. L., Lase, I. S., Lindsay, J., Couturier, J., Abdel‐Karim, A., Jiang, G., Leeke, G. A., et al. (2026) · Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research · doi:10.1002/aesr.202500502 · Cited by 5

Pre-treatment Strategies for Efficient Pyrometallurgical Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries within the InduRed Reactor

Wiszniewski, L., Jüttner, L., Raonić, Z., Arnberger, A., Müller, J., Doschek, K., Raupenstrauch, H., & Schmidt, L. (2025) · BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte · doi:10.1007/s00501-025-01594-5 · Cited by 5

Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Using Mineral Processing Methods

Zhan, R. (2021) · Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University) · doi:10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/1338 · Cited by 6

A Critical Appraisal of Pyrolysis Pretreatment in Lithium‐Ion Battery Recycling: From High‐Temperature Material Transformations to Environmental Impact

Saeed, M., Klemettinen, L., Klemettinen, A., & Serna-Guerrero, R. (2026) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.70789 · Cited by 4

Cutting-edge recycling solution at pilot-scale for end-of-life LiFePO4 batteries and recovery of graphite using centrifuge filtration

Mishra, A., & Sahu, R. (2025) · Particuology · doi:10.1016/j.partic.2025.02.012 · Cited by 4

Reused Lithium-Ion Battery Applied in Water Treatment Plants

Chiang, Y., & Sean, W. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.76303 · Cited by 4

Lithium-ion batteries: Future market, challenges, and recycling

Han, J., Gao, X., & Gu, K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13338-1.00021-6 · Cited by 4

From binding mechanisms to future trends: A multi-dimensional review on separating cathode active materials in spent lithium-ion batteries

Qiao, Y., Han, R., Wang, X., & Rao, Z. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.168379 · Cited by 2

The Recycling of Plastics and Current Collector Foils from End-of-Life NMC-LCO Type Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Selective Froth Flotation

Mennik, F., Dinç, N. İ., Tanç, B., Burat, F., Štirbanović, Z., & Li, R. (2025) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min15101072 · Cited by 2

Advances and challenges in graphite recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries

Zhang, N., & Jiang, X. X. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.121412 · Cited by 2

Data Science-Based Battery Reutilization Management

Liu, K., Wang, Y., & Lai, X. (2022) · Green energy and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-01340-9_6 · Cited by 2

A Simple Process to Recover High-Purity Electrode Blackmass Provided for Regeneration from Spent LiFePO4 Batteries

Wang, B., Yin, Y., Sun, S., Wu, Y., Li, G., Zhu, H., & He, W. (2024) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-024-06977-6 · Cited by 2

Recovery of lithium and lead ions from battery industry wastes using advanced separation techniques

Patade, C. L. A., Sharma, A. R., Nigam, V. K., & Sampath, M. K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21884-2.00007-1 · Cited by 2

Cobalt recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries using a rotating cylindrical electrode reactor

Vengoechea-Pimienta, A. M., Alonso, A. R., Márquez-Baños, V. E., Luna-Sánchez, R. M., & Ramirez-Muñoz, J. (2024) · International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering · doi:10.1515/ijcre-2024-0044 · Cited by 1

Phase Change Mechanism of Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Material in Regeneration Process

He, J., Tang, J., Sun, Y., Zhou, Y., Wang, P., & Shi, F. (2024) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-024-07082-4 · Cited by 1

Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: cobalt recovery with supercritical fluids

Ibarra, R. M., Goto, M., Montes, S. M. G., Cuéllar, E. L., & la Cruz, A. M.-D. (2025) · Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1007/s40243-024-00282-7 · Cited by 1

Optimization of dry grinding conditions for critical metal recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries using response surface methodology

Mulet-Mery, F., Valenzuela-Elgueta, J., & Maleki, M. (2025) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2025.110019 · Cited by 1

Greening the future: Pioneering lithium battery recycling and beyond in the E‐mobility revolution

Rajyaguru, Y. V., Pandey, A., Bose, A., & Vishnumurthy, K. A. (2024) · Vietnam Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/vjch.202300241 · Cited by 1

The Material Separation Process for Recycling End-of-life Li-ion Batteries

Li, L. (2020) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1

Ultrasound enhances the recycling process and mechanism of lithium from spent LiFePO 4 batteries by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidansPreprint

Zhang, S., Chen, Q., Gu, W., & Bai, J. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6483042/v1 · Cited by 1

Processos de Recuperação de Cobalto e de Lítio de Baterias de Íons de Lítio

Urias, P. M. (2017) · doi:10.14393/ufu.di.2019.981

Recuperación de cobalto a partir del reciclaje de baterías ion-litio mediante el uso de biolixiviación y electroobtención

Ramírez, N. E. (2020)

Viabilidade do uso de solvente eutético para dissolução seletiva de cobalto e lítio oriundo de baterias íon-lítio descartadas

da Silva, A. T. (2022) · doi:10.47328/ufvbbt.2022.457

A Simple Process Based on Crushing and Sieving to Recover High-Purity Electrode Black Powder for Repair from Spent Lifepo4 BatteriesPreprint

Wang, B., Yin, Y., Sun, S., Wu, Y., Li, G., Zhu, H., & He, W. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4524513

Enhancing Cobalt Electrodeposition from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Leached with Citrate Solutions Using Two Rotating Cylindrical Electrode ConfigurationsPreprint

Vengoechea-Pimienta, A. M., Muñoz, J. R., Márquez-Baños, V. E., Sánchez, R. M. L., & Gómez, A. R. A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4587280

Toward Commercial Cylindrical Anode Free Li-Metal Batteries: Electrochemical Study and Improvement

Ikhsanudin, M. N., Jamaluddin, A., Yudha, C. S., & Purwanto, A. (2023) · Materials science forum · doi:10.4028/p-dwbby4

Bibliometric analysis of the strategic mineral resources recycling from 1995 to 2022Preprint

Wang, Z., Wang, M., Yang, D., Zhao, Y., & Li, X. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3843147/v1

Optimization of High-Temperature Thermal Pretreatment Conditions for Maximum Enrichment of Lithium and Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Polymer BatteriesPreprint

Afreh, P., Sidhoum, A., Lizhen, G., & Zhang, W. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4773920

Green Recycling of Spent Licoo2 Cathodes Using a Water-Based Deep Eutectic SolventPreprint

Zhang, Y., Wu, X., Liu, Z., Li, H., Fu, Z., Zhang, G., Zhang, H., & Wang, G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4793098

Ultrasound Enhances the Recycling Process and Mechanism of Lithium from Spent Lifepo4 Batteries by Acidithiobacillus FerrooxidansPreprint

Wang, Y., Chai, Z., Gu, W., & Zhang, X. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4879937

Exploring LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co) as a High Performance Cathode Material for Li-ion Batteries

Deji, R., Singh, V. P., Bhardwaj, P., & Sharma, R. K. (2025) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837673612-00230

Selective lithium retrieval from discarded lithium iron phosphate batteries through organic acid treatmentPreprint

MISHRA, A., & Sahu, R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5492540

Removal and Recovery of Metallic Impurities from Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass: A Kinetically Optimized Multi-Modal Approach

Green, J., Pethe, S. P., Paranthaman, M. P., Doğan, F., & Fink, K. E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00182-5_18

Développement de procédés hydrométallurgiques pour l'extraction du lithium et le recyclage des batteries lithium-ion

Zante, G. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6ff199b0z1328z43a9z9cadz0dd7b78ac1ce

Experimental and CFD study of a dual-anode rotating electrochemical reactor for intensified cobalt recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries

Vengoechea-Pimienta, A. M., Márquez-Baños, V. E., Alonso, A. R., Ochoa-Hernández, J. A., & Ramirez-Muñoz, J. (2026) · Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification · doi:10.1016/j.cep.2026.110911

Sustainable Lithium Recovery from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: From Conventional Recycling to Emerging Circular Economy Approaches

Yadav, P., Gautam, S., Gautam, A., Kapoor, A., & Devnani, G. L. (2026) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-026-09727-3

Hydrogen reduction of simulated black mass from spent lithium-ion batteries for stainless steel production

Gong, N., & Dunand, D. C. (2026) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e02159

Hydrometallurgical recovery of spent Li-ion batteries driven by thermal reduction: Opportunities, challenges, and prospects

LIU, H. J., Han, J., Feng, Y., Nong, C., Gu, J., & Yuan, H. J. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.124121

High-value recovery of spent lithium iron phosphate black powder through pure Na2S2O8 leaching and furnace gas precipitating lithium

Wen, Q., He, K., He, Y., Shi, X., Li, S., Zhang, Z., Yan, T., Zhang, H., Li, C., & Song, D. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.124932

Spent graphite as a novel resource: Advanced regeneration technologies and life closed-loop sustainability

Qian, T., Xu, G., Hou, S., Feng, Y., Wang, Y., Cheng, Q., Zhang, G., Niu, S., & Fu, D. (2026) · Energy storage materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2026.105525

Amine-rich nanofiltration membranes via two-step interfacial polymerization for lithium-selective separation under acidic conditions

Kanlayaprasit, B., & Bae, T. (2026) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2026.120802

Toward Sustainable Recycling of Spent Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathodes: Technologies and Economic Viability

Sun, K., Liu, J., Li, W., Chen, G., Liu, D., Liu, Y., & Zhu, F. (2026) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.74581

Safety challenges and discharge pretreatment strategies for spent lithium-ion batteries: A critical review

Qiao, Y., Liu, X., Lyu, P., & Rao, Z. (2026) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2026.124896

Recovery of valuable materials from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanical separation and thermal treatment

Wang, F., Zhang, T., He, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, G., Zhang, Y., & Feng, Y. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.069 · Cited by 231

Beneficiation of cobalt, copper and aluminum from wasted lithium-ion batteries by mechanical processing

da Costa, A. J., Matos, J., Bernardes, A. M., & Müller, I. L. (2015) · International Journal of Mineral Processing · doi:10.1016/j.minpro.2015.06.015 · Cited by 76

A combined recovery process of metals in spent lithium-ion batteries

Li, J., Shi, P., Wang, Z., Chen, Y., & Chang, C.-C. (2009) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.040 · Cited by 319

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling by Physical Processing: Evaluation of Recovery and Metal Content in Shredding and Sieving Operations

Nogueira, C. A., Margarido, F., Correia, M. J. N., Pedrosa, F., Plancha, M. J., & Gonçalves, A. M. (2026) · Springer proceedings in earth and environmental sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14960-2_54

Mechanical separation and recovery process of anode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

Huang, J. (2011) · The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals · Cited by 7