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The influence of a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) and chemical oxidant application on perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) fate and transport
Abstract
One dimensional column experiments were conducted using saturated porous media containing residual trichloroethylene (TCE) to understand the effects of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and chemical oxidation on perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) fate and transport. Observed retardation factors and data from supporting batch studies suggested that TCE provides additional sorption capacity that can increase PFAA retardation (i.e., decreased mobility), though the mechanisms remain unclear. Treatment with persulfate activated with FeCl2 and citric acid, catalyzed hydrogen peroxide (CHP), or permanganate did not result in oxidative transformations of PFAAs. However, impacts on PFAA sorption were apparent, and enhanced sorption was substantial in the persulfate-treated columns. In contrast, PFAA transport was accelerated in permanganate- and CHP-treated columns. Ultimately, PFAA transport in NAPL contaminated groundwater is likely influenced by porous media properties, NAPL characteristics, and water quality properties, each of which can change due to chemical oxidant treatment. For contaminated sites for which ISCO is a viable treatment option, changes to PFAA transport and the implications thereof should be included as a component of the remediation evaluation and selection process.
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PFAS partitioning into bulk NAPL and adsorption at the NAPL-water interface were discussed as possible reasons for enhanced retardation, but their specific contributions were not delineated or quantified.
“PFAS partitioning into bulk NAPL and adsorption at the NAPL-water interface were discussed as possible reasons for the observed enhanced retardation, but their specific contributions were not delineated or quantified.”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al. [28]
Mean Kn values reported by Guelfo and Higgins and McKenzie et al. are greater than those reported in the present study, but nearly all data sets have overlapping 95% confidence intervals.
“While the mean values reported by Guelfo and Higgins27 and McKenzie et al.28 are greater than those reported in the present study, nearly all data sets have overlapping 95% confidence intervals.”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al. [28]
Kn values reported by McKenzie et al. do not exhibit the same trend as the present study.
“Conversely, the values reported by McKenzie et al.28 do not exhibit a similar trend.”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al. [28]
Additional retention processes may occur in NAPL-contaminated source zones, including partitioning into bulk NAPL and adsorption at NAPL-water interfaces.
“However, additional retention processes may occur in NAPL-contaminated source zones, including partitioning into bulk NAPL and adsorption at NAPL-water interfaces.22,27–29”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
McKenzie et al. observed increased PFAS retention in the presence of residual NAPL in miscible-displacement column experiments.
“McKenzie et al.28 conducted miscible-displacement column experiments to investigate the impacts of TCE NAPL on the transport of a suite of PFAS in a loamy sand. Increased PFAS retention was observed in the presence of residual NAPL.”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al. [28]
McKenzie et al. report PFOS R values of approximately 10 and 16 for experiments without and with a residual TCE saturation of approximately 0.29, respectively.
“The authors report PFOS R values of approximately 10 and 16, respectively, for experiments without and with a residual TCE saturation of approximately 0.29.28”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
These PFOS R values were determined to be statistically different, whereas R values for PFOA were not.
“These values were determined to be statistically different, whereas Rs for PFOA were not.”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
Given that the McKenzie et al. soil contains fractions of silt and clay, it is likely that the interfacial area for the soil is somewhat larger than for the sand and thus the predicted R may be somewhat greater than 15.
“Given that their soil contains fractions of silt and clay, it is likely that the interfacial area for the soil is somewhat larger than for the sand and thus the predicted R may be somewhat greater than 15.”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
This predicted value is quite close to the measured value of 16 reported by McKenzie et al., indicating the reasonableness of the parameter values used for the prediction.
“This value is quite close to the measured value of 16 reported by McKenzie et al.28, indicating the reasonableness of the parameter values used for the prediction.”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
The greater contribution by solid-phase sorption and smaller contribution by NAPL-water interfacial adsorption compared to the present study reflects the impact of the greater organic-carbon content of the loamy sand used by McKenzie et al. compared to the sand used in this study and the correspondingly greater magnitude of sorption.
“The greater contribution by solid-phase sorption and smaller contribution by NAPL-water interfacial adsorption compared to the present study reflects the impact of the greater organic-carbon content of the loamy sand used by McKenzie et al.28 compared to the sand used in this study and the correspondingly greater magnitude of sorption.”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
Solid-phase sorption has the highest (85%) percent contribution to retention for the McKenzie et al. PFOS data, versus 15% for adsorption to the NAPL-water interface.
“Solid-phase sorption has the highest (85%) percent contribution to retention for the McKenzie et al.28 PFOS data, versus 15% for adsorption to the NAPL-water interface.”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
McKenzie et al. observed that the presence of TCE NAPL generally resulted in increased retardation of the PFAS.
“They observed that the presence of TCE NAPL generally resulted in increased retardation of the PFAS.”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
Partitioning into NAPL has the lowest contribution to retention (essentially 0%) for the McKenzie et al. PFOS data.
“As observed in the present study, partitioning into NAPL has the lowest contribution to retention (essentially 0%).”
From Contribution of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids to the Retention and Transport of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Porous Media (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
In the column study reported by McKenzie et al. (2016), residual trichloroethene NAPL saturation was emplaced using standard methods, with NAPL distributed as discrete blobs and ganglia nonuniformly throughout the soil pack.
“Conversely, residual trichloroethene NAPL saturation was emplaced using standard methods in the column study reported by McKenzie et al. (2016), wherein the NAPL would be distributed as discrete blobs and ganglia distributed nonuniformly throughout the soil pack.”
From Assessing the potential contributions of additional retention processes to PFAS retardation in the subsurface (2018) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al. (2016)
In these studies, the retention was attributed primarily to NAPL partitioning, while the potential for adsorption to the NAPL-water interface was also noted.
“In these studies, the retention was attributed primarily to NAPL partitioning, while the potential for adsorption to the NAPL-water interface was also noted.”
From Assessing the potential contributions of additional retention processes to PFAS retardation in the subsurface (2018) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al. (2016)
In the McKenzie et al. (2016) study, the presence of residual NAPL was observed to measurably increase overall retardation for most of the PFAS.
“For this latter study, the presence of the residual NAPL was observed to measurably increase overall retardation for most of the PFAS.”
From Assessing the potential contributions of additional retention processes to PFAS retardation in the subsurface (2018) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al. (2016)
Log Knw values ranging from approximately 0 to 0.5 were reported for PFOA and PFOS for the two trichloroethene NAPL studies.
“Log Knw values ranging from approximately 0 to 0.5 were reported for PFOA and PFOS for the two trichloroethene NAPL studies.”
From Assessing the potential contributions of additional retention processes to PFAS retardation in the subsurface (2018) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al. (2016)
Citations
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Self-citation
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Metadata
- Authors
- McKenzie, E. R., Siegrist, R. L., McCray, J. E., & Higgins, C. P.
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 92
- Pages
- 199-207
- ISSN
- 0043-1354
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 9
- Language
- en
- Funders
- Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program
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