The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Identification of microplastic in effluents of waste water treatment plants using focal plane array-based micro-Fourier-transform infrared imaging
Open accessAbstract
The global presence of microplastic (MP) in aquatic ecosystems has been shown by various studies. However, neither MP concentrations nor their sources or sinks are completely known. Waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered as significant point sources discharging MP to the environment. This study investigated MP in the effluents of 12 WWTPs in Lower Saxony, Germany. Samples were purified by a plastic-preserving enzymatic-oxidative procedure and subsequent density separation using a zinc chloride solution. For analysis, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) and focal plane array (FPA)-based transmission micro-FT-IR imaging were applied. This allowed the identification of polymers of all MP down to a size of 20 μm. In all effluents MP was found with quantities ranging from 0 to 5 × 101 m−3 MP > 500 μm and 1 × 101 to 9 × 103 m−3 MP < 500 μm. By far, polyethylene was the most frequent polymer type in both size classes. Quantities of synthetic fibres ranged from 9 × 101 to 1 × 103 m−3 and were predominantly made of polyester. Considering the annual effluxes of tested WWTPs, total discharges of 9 × 107 to 4 × 109 MP particles and fibres per WWTP could be expected. Interestingly, one tertiary WWTP had an additionally installed post-filtration that reduced the total MP discharge by 97%. Furthermore, the sewage sludge of six WWTPs was examined and the existence of MP, predominantly polyethylene, revealed. Our findings suggest that WWTPs could be a sink but also a source of MP and thus can be considered to play an important role for environmental MP pollution.
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Cites
Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review
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Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: what we know and what we need to know
Wagner, M., Scherer, C., Alvarez-Muñoz, D., Brennholt, N., Bourrain, X., Buchinger, S., Fries, E., Grosbois, C., Klasmeier, J., Marti, T., et al. (2014) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-014-0012-7 · Cited by 1,543
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Microplastics profile along the Rhine River
Mani, T., Hauk, A., Walter, U., & Burkhardt-Holm, P. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep17988 · Cited by 1,010
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Cited by
Horton, A. A., Walton, A., Spurgeon, D. J., Lahive, E., & Svendsen, C. (2017) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190 · Cited by 3,756
Microplastics in Freshwaters and Drinking Water: Critical Review and Assessment of Data Quality
Koelmans, A. A., Mohamed Nor, N. H., Hermsen, E., Kooi, M., Mintenig, S. M., & De France, J. (2019) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.054 · Cited by 2,535
Self-citationThe plastic in microplastics: A review
Andrady, A. L. (2017) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082 · Cited by 2,372
Plastics in soil: Analytical methods and possible sources
Bläsing, M., & Amelung, W. (2018) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.086 · Cited by 1,655
Source, migration and toxicology of microplastics in soil
Guo, J.-J., Huang, X.-P., Xiang, L., Wang, Y.-Z., Li, Y.-W., Li, H., Cai, Q.-Y., Mo, C.-H., & Wong, M.-H. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105263 · Cited by 1,211
Metadata
- Authors
- Mintenig, S. M., Int-Veen, I., Löder, M. G. J., Primpke, S., & Gerdts, G.
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 108
- Pages
- 365-372
- ISSN
- 0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2546432926
- Cited by
- 1,481
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 34.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
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