Cited by 1,181Microplastics and Plastic PollutionPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsWaste Management and Recycling

Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Microplastics in River Shore Sediments of the Rhine-Main Area in Germany

Klein, Sascha, Worch, Eckhard, Knepper, Thomas P.·2015·Environmental Science & Technology

Abstract

Plastic debris is one of the most significant organic pollutants in the aquatic environment. Because of properties such as buoyancy and extreme durability, synthetic polymers are present in rivers, lakes, and oceans and accumulate in sediments all over the world. However, freshwater sediments have attracted less attention than the investigation of sediments in marine ecosystems. For this reason, river shore sediments of the rivers Rhine and Main in the Rhine-Main area in Germany were analyzed. The sample locations comprised shore sediment of a large European river (Rhine) and a river characterized by industrial influence (Main) in areas with varying population sizes as well as sites in proximity to nature reserves. All sediments analyzed contained microplastic particles (<5 mm) with mass fractions of up to 1 g kg⁻¹ or 4000 particles kg⁻¹. Analysis of the plastics by infrared spectroscopy showed a large abundance of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, which covered more than 75% of all polymer types identified in the sediment. Short distance transport of plastic particles from the tributary to the main stream could be confirmed by the identification of pellets, which were separated from shore sediment samples of both rivers. This systematic study shows the emerging pollution of inland river sediments with microplastics and, as a consequence thereof, underlines the importance of rivers as vectors of transport of microplastics into the ocean.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1021/acs.est.5b00492

Cites

27 of 27 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Polystyrene particles ground to a broad, environmentally relevant range of sizes and shapes were treated as a reasonable proxy for assessing physical effects of environmental microplastics.

    “Polystyrene, ground to a wide and environmentally relevant range of sizes and shapes, was considered as a fair approximation to assess the physical effects of “environmental microplastics”.7”
  • The Rhine river has the highest microplastic concentrations recorded among freshwater bodies studied, with up to 4000 particles per kg or 1 g per kg dry weight in German shore sediments, and the smallest fraction (63-630 μm) is most abundant by number.

    “Recent data shows that the Rhine river contains the highest microplastic concentrations detected in all freshwater bodies studied. Concentrations up to 4000 particles kg–1 or 1 g kg–1 (dw) were recorded in the German Rhine river shore sediments, with the smallest microplastic fraction (63–630 μm) being the most abundant in numbers.7”
  • Field-measured microplastic concentrations in freshwater sediments are far below the calculated EC10 or EC50 effect thresholds for G. pulex.

    “Field measured concentrations in freshwater sediments2−4,7,8 although often provisional due to methodological limitations, are far below the calculated EC10 or EC50 effect threshold values for G. pulex.”

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Authors
Klein, S., Worch, E., & Knepper, T. P.
Affiliations
  • Hochschule Fresenius (DE)
  • Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
Corresponding author
Knepper, Thomas P.
Venue
Environmental Science & Technology
Published
2015-05-06
Volume
49
Issue
10
Pages
6070-6076
ISSN
  • 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-5851
OpenAlex
W2330525815
Cited by
1,181
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 63 · 2025: 112 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 172 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 3
FWCI
32.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Wasserchemischen Gesellschaft
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
Keywords
microplastics, Rhine River, Main River, freshwater sediments, spatial distribution, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, plastic pellets, plastic transport, plastic pollution, inland rivers
MeSH terms
Environmental Monitoring, Germany, Particle Size, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Geologic Sediments, Rivers

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