The process of change for victims of intimate partner violence
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization is a women's health problem that imposes a significant health and health care cost burden. Although IPV victims cannot change the perpetrator's behavior, they can take actions to reduce exposure to the partner's abuse. The process of change for IPV victims has been described using the transtheoretical model (TTM), among others. We report results of a qualitative study with current and past IPV victims to 1) explicate the process of safety-seeking behavior change for female victims of IPV and 2) explore the fit of the TTM for explaining this process. Based on the results, we propose the psychosocial readiness model to describe the process of change for female victims of IPV. This model considers readiness as a continuum that ranges from robustly defending the status quo on 1 end to being ready to take action toward change on the other. Movement toward and away from change along the continuum results from a dynamic interplay of both internal factors and external interpersonal and situational factors.
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The concept of turning points is part of the 'psychosocial readiness model' describing the dynamic interplay of internal factors and external interpersonal and situational factors that affect women's movements towards or away from change.
“The concept of turning points is part of the 'psychosocial readiness model' describing the dynamic interplay of internal factors and external interpersonal and situational factors that affect women's movements towards or away from change.”
From Help‐seeking amongst women survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study of pathways towards formal and informal support (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
The transtheoretical model of change describes a series of changes from pre-contemplation through contemplation and preparation leading to action and finally maintenance of safety.
“The model describes a series of changes from pre-contemplation through contemplation and preparation leading to action and finally maintenance of safety.”
From Help‐seeking amongst women survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study of pathways towards formal and informal support (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
Further developments of the TTMC have stressed the importance of 'turning points' in women's lives that trigger a psychological shift, or provide external support to taking action.
“Further developments of the TTMC have stressed the importance of these 'turning points' in women's lives that trigger a psychological shift, or provide external support to taking action.”
From Help‐seeking amongst women survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study of pathways towards formal and informal support (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
Cluss et al. (2006) proposed a psychosocial readiness model that conceptualises readiness as a combination of internal and external factors, including awareness of abuse, perceived social support and self-efficacy.
“Extending this work, Cluss et al. (2006) proposed a psychosocial readiness model that conceptualises readiness as a combination of internal and external factors, including awareness of abuse, perceived social support and self-ef fi cacy (e.g., belief in one ' s ability to make change and achieve safety).”
From ‘Reconnecting With All the Things That You Lost Because of Control’: What Helps Women in the Process of Leaving a Psychologically Abusive Intimate Partner? (2026) · cites this paper as Cluss et al. (2006)
Central to the stages of change model is the concept of readiness for change, which influences engagement with support resources and movement across stages.
“Central to the SOC is the concept of readiness for change , which in fl uences engagement with support resources and movement across stages (Cluss et al., 2006; Miller & Rollnick, 2012; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1982).”
From ‘Reconnecting With All the Things That You Lost Because of Control’: What Helps Women in the Process of Leaving a Psychologically Abusive Intimate Partner? (2026) · cites this paper as Cluss et al., 2006
Our study provides support for the psychosocial readiness model, with examples of diverse factors affecting help-seeking such as increasing severity of abuse, recognition of the impact of abuse on other family members, particularly children, or an encounter with another survivor of DVA.
“Our study provides support for this model, with examples of diverse factors affecting help-seeking such as increasing severity of abuse, recognition of the impact of abuse on other family members, particularly children, or an encounter with another survivor of DVA.”
From Help‐seeking amongst women survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study of pathways towards formal and informal support (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
A woman's recognition or acknowledgement of abuse is a crucial stage in her journey away from abuse.
“A woman's recognition or acknowledgement of abuse is seen as a crucial stage in her journey away from abuse.”
From Help‐seeking amongst women survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study of pathways towards formal and informal support (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
Only after a woman recognizes or acknowledges abuse can she contemplate what action to take.
“Only then can she contemplate what action to take.”
From Help‐seeking amongst women survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study of pathways towards formal and informal support (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Cluss, P. A., Chang, J. C., Hawker, L., Hudson Scholle, S., Dado, D., Buranosky, R., & Goldstrohm, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- UPMC Health System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cluss, Patricia A.
- ORCID
- Chang, Judy C.
- Venue
- Women's Health Issues
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 262-274
- ISSN
- 1049-3867 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966768390
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Women s Health Issues (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- intimate partner violence, safety-seeking behavior, change processes, transtheoretical model, readiness to change, women's health, interpersonal factors, situational factors
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Care, Spouse Abuse, Health Behavior, Safety Management, Battered Women, Crime Victims, Self Efficacy, Qualitative Research
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