All things equal? Heterogeneity in policy effectiveness against COVID-19 spread in chile
Open accessAbstract
Several variables and practices affect the evolution and geographic spread of COVID-19. Some of these variables pertain to policy measures such as social distancing, quarantines for specific areas, and testing availability. In this paper, I analyze the effect that lockdown and testing policies had on new contagions in Chile, especially focusing on potential heterogeneity given by population characteristics. Leveraging a natural experiment in the determination of early quarantines, I use an Augmented Synthetic Control Method to build counterfactuals for high and lower-income areas that experienced a lockdown during the first two months of the pandemic. I find substantial differences in the impact that quarantine policies had for different populations: While lockdowns were effective in containing and reducing new cases of COVID-19 in higher-income municipalities, I find no significant effect of this measure for lower-income areas. To further explain these results, I test for difference in mobility during quarantine for high and lower-income municipalities, as well as delays in test results and testing availability. These findings are consistent with previous results, showing that differences in the effectiveness of lockdowns could be partially attributed to heterogeneity in quarantine compliance in terms of mobility, as well as differential testing availability for higher and lower-income areas.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The mobility result is consistent with analyses of New York City neighborhoods and with findings from other studies conducted in Santiago that used different socioeconomic and mobility metrics.
“Our result is consistent with analyses of New York City neighborhoods (11) and with findings from other studies conducted in Santiago that used different socioeconomic and mobility metrics (12–14).”
From Socioeconomic status determines COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in Santiago, Chile (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Recent studies in Chile have suggested a link between SES and the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions such as stay-at-home orders.
“In Chile, recent studies have suggested a link between SES and the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions such as stay-at-home orders (12, 13, 29).”
From Socioeconomic status determines COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in Santiago, Chile (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
The study's results are consistent with other studies in Santiago that used different socioeconomic and movement measurements.
“Although Facebook mobility data can be biased in this way, our results are consistent with other studies in Santiago that used different socioeconomic and movement measurements [see (12–14) and supplementary materials].”
From Socioeconomic status determines COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in Santiago, Chile (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Lauer, S. A., Grantz, K. H., Bi, Q., Jones, F. K., Zheng, Q., Meredith, H. R., Azman, A. S., Reich, N. G., & Lessler, J. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-0504 · Cited by 5,970 · see citing works
Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2009.ap08746 · Cited by 5,513 · see citing works
The economic costs of conflict: a case study of the Basque Country
Abadie, A., & Gardeazabal, J. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803321455188 · Cited by 4,517 · see citing works
Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe
Flaxman, S., Mishra, S., Gandy, A., Unwin, H., Mellan, T., Coupland, H., Whittaker, C., Zhu, H., Berah, T., Eaton, J., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2405-7 · Cited by 3,072 · see citing works
Comparative Politics and the Synthetic Control Method
Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2014) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12116 · Cited by 2,375 · see citing works
Prem, K., Liu, Y., Russell, T., Kucharski, A. J., Eggo, R. M., Davies, N. G. M., Flasche, S., Clifford, S., Pearson, C. A. B., Munday, J. D., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30073-6 · Cited by 2,087 · see citing works
Using Synthetic Controls: Feasibility, Data Requirements, and Methodological Aspects
Abadie, A. (2021) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20191450 · Cited by 1,486 · see citing works
The State of Applied Econometrics: Causality and Policy Evaluation
Athey, S. C., & Imbens, G. W. (2017) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.31.2.3 · Cited by 1,406 · see citing works
The effect of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic
Hsiang, S., Allen, D., Annan-Phan, S., Bell, K., Bolliger, I. W., Chong, T., Druckenmiller, H., Huang, L. Y., Hultgren, A., Krasovich, E., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2404-8 · Cited by 1,378 · see citing works
Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19
Bonaccorsi, G., Pierri, F., Cinelli, M., Flori, A., Galeazzi, A., Porcelli, F., Schmidt, A. L., Valensise, C. M., Scala, A., Quattrociocchi, W., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2007658117 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Impact of delays on effectiveness of contact tracing strategies for COVID-19: a modelling study
Kretzschmar, M. E., Rozhnova, G., Bootsma, M. C. J., van Boven, M., van de Wijgert, J. H. H. M., & Bonten, M. J. M. (2020) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30157-2 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Estimating treatment effect heterogeneity in randomized program evaluation
Imai, K., & Ratkovic, M. (2013) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/12-aoas593 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
The Augmented Synthetic Control Method
Ben-Michael, E., Feller, A., & Rothstein, J. (2021) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2021.1929245 · Cited by 462 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Using the same setup as the one described for 1, Equation 2 shows how ASCM would be applied in a setting were there is potentially a poor fit in a particular function of pre-intervention outcomes, m̂(·) (Ben-Michael et al., 2020).”
MethodDave, D., Friedson, A., Matsuzawa, K., & Sabia, J. J. (2020) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/ecin.12944 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Lockdown timing and efficacy in controlling COVID-19 using mobile phone tracking
Vinceti, M., Filippini, T., Rothman, K. J., Ferrari, F., Goffi, A., Maffeis, G., & Orsini, N. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100457 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Impact of nonpharmacological interventions on COVID-19 transmission dynamics in India
Dikid, T., Patel, P., Athotra, A., Vaisakh, T. P., Jain, S., & NCDC COVID Incident Management Team (2020) · Indian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.4103/ijph.ijph_510_20 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rieger, M. O., & Wang, M. (2020) · Review of Behavioral Economics · doi:10.1561/105.00000124 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 18 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Socioeconomic status determines COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in Santiago, Chile
Mena, G. E., Martinez, P. P., Mahmud, A. S., Marquet, P. A., Buckee, C. O., & Santillana, M. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg5298 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
“In Chile, recent studies have suggested a link between SES and the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions such as stay-at-home orders (12, 13, 29).”
BackgroundLi, L., Taeihagh, A., & Tan, S. Y. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36267-9 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Poverty and COVID-19 in Africa and Latin America
Bargain, O., & Aminjonov, U. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105422 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Undurraga, E. A., Chowell, G., & Mizumoto, K. (2021) · Infectious Diseases of Poverty · doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00785-1 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The effect of COVID-19 on the economy: Evidence from an early adopter of localized lockdowns
Asahi, K., Undurraga, E. A., Valdés, R., & Wagner, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.10.05002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status determines COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in Santiago, Chile
Mena, G., Martinez, P. P., Mahmud, A. S., Marquet, P. A., Buckee, C. O., & Santillana, M. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.21249682 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Kapitsinis, N. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07169-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Localized Lockdowns in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Li, Y., Undurraga, E. A., & Zubizarreta, J. R. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Murphy, C., Lim, W. W., Mills, C. L., Wong, J. Y., Chen, D., Xie, Y., Li, M., Gould, S., Xin, H., Cheung, J. K., et al. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2023.0132 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kephart, J. L., Delclòs‐Alió, X., Rodrı́guez, D. A., Sarmiento, O. L., Barrientos‐Gutiérrez, T., Ramírez‐Zea, M., Quistberg, D. A., Bilal, U., & Roux, A. V. D. (2021) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(21)00174-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Transmission dynamics and control of COVID-19 in Chile, March-October, 2020
Tariq, A., Undurraga, E. A., Castillo-Laborde, C., Vogt-Geisse, K., Luo, R., ROTHENBERG, R. B., & Chowell, G. (2021) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009070 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Impact Evaluation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Policy: A Guide to Common Design Issues
Haber, N., Clarke‐Deelder, E., Salomon, J. A., Feller, A., & Stuart, E. A. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwab185 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Pincombe, M., Reese, V., & Dolan, C. B. (2021) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czab054 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Banholzer, N., Lison, A., Özcelik, D., Stadler, T., Feuerriegel, S., & Vach, W. (2022) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-022-00908-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Haber, N. A., Clarke-Deelder, E., Feller, A., Smith, E. R., Salomon, J. A., MacCormack-Gelles, B., Stone, E. M., Bolster-Foucault, C., Daw, J. R., Hatfield, L. A., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053820 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Impact of lockdown and government subsidies on rural households at early COVID-19 pandemic in China
Li, N., Chen, M., Gao, H., Huang, D., & Yang, X. (2022) · China Agricultural Economic Review · doi:10.1108/caer-12-2021-0239 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
How Do Logistics Disruptions Affect Rural Households? Evidence from COVID-19 in China
Huang, D., Chen, M., & Nan, L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15010465 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Banholzer, N., Feuerriegel, S., & Vach, W. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11362-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Employment Loss in Informal Settlements during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Chile
Gil, D., Domínguez, P., Undurraga, E. A., & Valenzuela, E. (2021) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-021-00575-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Carranza, A., Goić, M., Lara, E., Olivares, M., Weintraub, G. Y., Covarrubia, J., Escobedo, C., Jara, N. C., & Basso, L. J. (2022) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2021.4240 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Knaul, F. M., Touchton, M. M., Arreola‐Ornelas, H., Calderon-Anyosa, R. J. C., Otero-Bahamón, S., Hummel, C., Perez‐Cruz, P. E., Porteny, T., Patino, F. G., Atun, R. A., et al. (2022) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00981 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Horrible trade-offs in a pandemic: Poverty, fiscal space, policy, and welfare
Hausmann, R., & Schetter, U. (2022) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105819 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Detecting Emotional Evolution on Twitter during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Text Analysis
Cabezas, J., Moctezuma, D., Fernández-Isabel, A., & de Diego, I. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136981 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chile 2020: pandemia y plebiscito constitucional
Meléndez, C., Kaltwasser, C. R., & Sajuria, J. (2021) · Revista de ciencia política · doi:10.4067/s0718-090x2021005000114 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Socioeconomic disparities in the reopening of schools during the pandemic in Chile
Kuzmanic, D., Valenzuela, J. P., Claro, S., Canales, A., Cerda, D. C., & Undurraga, E. A. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102805 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Using smart card data to model public transport user profiles in light of the COVID-19 pandemic
Lizana, M., Choudhury, C. F., & Watling, D. P. (2023) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2023.100620 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Díaz, F., & Henríquez, P. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254638 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Testa, P. F., Snyder, R., Rios, E., Moncada, E., Giraudy, A., & Bennouna, C. (2021) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-9349100 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
JUE insights: Does mobility explain why slums were hit harder by COVID-19 in Mumbai, India?
Sheng, J., Malani, A., Goel, A., & Botla, P. (2021) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2021.103357 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Tale of Two Pandemics: Economic Inequality and Support for Containment Measures in Peru
Carreras, M., Vera, S. B., & Visconti, G. (2021) · Journal of Politics in Latin America · doi:10.1177/1866802x211035393 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ojeda, J., & Ruiz, S. (2021) · Solid Earth · doi:10.5194/se-12-1075-2021 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gimme shelter. Social distancing and income support in times of pandemic
Aminjonov, U., Bargain, O., & Bernard, T. (2023) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104507 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Social Divide of Social Distancing: Lockdowns in Santiago during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Carranza, A., Goic, M., Lara, E., Olivares, M., Weintraub, G. Y., Covarrubia, J., Escobedo, C., Jara, N., & Basso, L. J. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3691373 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Socioeconomic and policy determinants of mobility during COVID-19: Evidence from Indonesian cities
Khoirunurrofik, K., Abdurrachman, F., & Rachmanto, U. N. (2022) · Journal of Urban Management · doi:10.1016/j.jum.2022.07.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Idrovo-Aguirre, B. J., & Contreras‐Reyes, J. E. (2021) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci10110417 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Narea, M., Asahi, K., Abufhele, A., Telias, A., Gildemeister, D., & Alarcón‐Arcos, S. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211068871 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, J. S., Peng, C., Luo, H., Zhang, J., & Oh, H. Y. (2021) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czab115 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Shimada, K., & Jiahui, Y. (2025) · Water Resources and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.wre.2025.100258 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Influence of state reopening policies in COVID-19 mortality
Tam, K.-M., Walker, N., & Moreno, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05286-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Assessing the Connections between COVID-19 and Waste Management in Brazil
Filho, W. L., Salvia, A. L., Paço, A. M. F. D., Dias‐Ferreira, C., Neiva, S. D. S., Rampasso, I. S., Anholon, R., de Vasconcelos, C. R. P., Eustachio, J. H. P. P., & Jabbour, C. J. C. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14138083 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Huang, B., Huang, Z., Chen, C., Lin, J., Tam, T., Hong, Y., & Pei, S. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01437-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Socioeconomic Impact of COVID-19 in Urban Informal SettlementsPreprint
Gil, D., Domínguez, P., Undurraga, E. A., & Valenzuela, E. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.16.21249935 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Care during exceptional times: results of the CUIDAR study on the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile
Navarro, S. R., Moller, F., Alarcón‐Arcos, S., Energici, M.-A., & Schöngut‐Grollmus, N. (2022) · Tapuya Latin American Science Technology and Society · doi:10.1080/25729861.2022.2038858 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Declining Quantity and Quality of Births in Chile amidst the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Pesando, L. M., & Abufhele, A. (2023) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12541 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bridging the gap: Assessing the effects of railway infrastructure investments in Northwest China
Yu, L. B., Tran, T. M., & Lee, W.-S. (2023) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2023.102076 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Not all in this together? Early estimates of the unequal labour market effects of Covid-19
Kóczán, Z. (2022) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2022.2035311 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on osteoporotic hip fractures in Chile
Ormeño, J. C., Martínez, R. E., Frías, C., Plessing, C. V., & Quevedo, I. (2022) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-022-01165-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Early mutational signatures and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 Gamma and Lambda variants in Chile
Oróstica, K., Mohr, S., Dehning, J., Bauer, S., Medina-Ortiz, D., Iftekhar, E. N., Mujica, K., Covarrubias, P. C., Ulloa, S., Castillo, A., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66885-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kuschel, K., Carrasco, R., Idrovo-Aguirre, B. J., Durán, C., & Contreras‐Reyes, J. E. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11162259 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
COVID-19 Policy Impact Evaluation: A guide to common design issues
Haber, N., Clarke‐Deelder, E., Salomon, J. A., Feller, A., & Stuart, E. A. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.01940 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Storey, E. E., Wu, D., & Helmy, A. S. (2021) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2021.3084471 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
covid19.Explorer : a web application and R package to explore United States COVID-19 data
Revell, L. J. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11489 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sakouvogui, K., & Guilavogui, M. G. (2022) · Open Economics · doi:10.1515/openec-2022-0117 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Díaz, F., Henríquez, P. A., & Winkelried, D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18514-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Brik, A. B., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.13063 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Galanis, G., & Georgiadis, A. (2023) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106477 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Barberia, L., & Piazza, K. S. (2021) · Revista Latinoamericana de Opinión Pública · doi:10.14201/rlop.26591 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Does Mobility Explain Why Slums Were Hit Harder by COVID-19 in Mumbai, India?
Sheng, J., Malani, A., Goel, A., & Botla, P. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28541 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Contribución a la medición de la eficiencia del sistema habitacional subsidiario en Chile
Vergara‐Perucich, F. (2023) · ACE Arquitectura Ciudad y Entorno · doi:10.5821/ace.18.52.11682 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Unpacking the Persistence of Informality
Villena-Roldán, B. (2024) · Journal of Labor Research · doi:10.1007/s12122-024-09359-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Urban mobility patterns and the spatial distribution of infections in Santiago de Chile
Bedoya-Maya, F., Calatayud, A., Giraldez, F., & González, S. S. (2022) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2022.06.011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Livert, F., Pressacco, C. F., & Cienfuegos, I. (2022) · Papel Político · doi:10.11144/javeriana.papo27.spdr · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of Covid-19 lockdowns on social distancing in Turkey
Bilgel, F. (2022) · Econometrics Journal · doi:10.1093/ectj/utac016 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chronic Poverty Report 5 - Pandemic Poverty
Shepherd, A., & Diwakar, V. (2023) · doi:10.19088/cc.2023.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
López, E., Eberhard, J. P., & Aroca, P. A. (2023) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.12642 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Valenzuela‐Levi, N., Bordón, P., Livert, F., & Henríquez, M. (2023) · Revista de Administração Pública · doi:10.1590/0034-761220220325x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rojas, A. P. S. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21050567 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America: A Data Science standpoint
Villar, J., Maçaira, P., & Baião, F. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324171 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Benita, F., Fuentes, L., Guzmán, L. A., Martínez, R., Muñoz, J. C., Neo, H., Rodríguez, S., & Soza‐Parra, J. (2022) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2022.100660 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Walkowiak, M. P., Walkowiak, D., & Walkowiak, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1221964 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Navigating economic turmoil: Chilean businesses during COVID-19 lockdowns and vaccine rollouts
Pertuzé, J. A., Montégu, J. P., González, C., Rafael Araos, B., & Daza, P. (2023) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100813 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
El confinamiento durante la pandemia por COVID-19: su efectividad y grado global de adherencia
Cuadra, R. B. (2023) · Revista Psicológica Herediana · doi:10.20453/rph.v16i1.2421 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Onayemi, O. M., Ajayi, A. I., Nelson, E.-U. E., & Sampson, A. (2024) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100662 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, X. N., Hungerford, D., Green, M. A., García‐Fiñana, M., Buchan, I. E., & Barr, B. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086802 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gil, D., Casas, R., Rufs, C., Valenzuela, E., & Undurraga, E. A. (2025) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2025.106589 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Living the Modern Dream: Risk Quantification and Modeling During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Chile
Gil, M., & Undurraga, E. A. (2022) · Critical studies in risk and uncertainty · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95167-2_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Salinas, D. G., Bustamante, M. L., & Gallardo, M. O. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.14892 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Seen and Unseen of COVID-19 Interventionism in France
Sémanne, A. (2025) · MISES Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy Law and Economics · doi:10.30800/mises.2025.v13.1590 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Han, X., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4049509 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Employment Loss in Informal Settlements during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from ChilePreprint
Gil, D., Domínguez, P., Undurraga, E. A., & Valenzuela, E. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4013084 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Unequal Effects of COVID-19 Across CountriesPreprint
Rubini, L. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3634652
The evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile during 2020: a data perspectivePreprint
Benavides, G. A., Larach, F., Marchant, Fernández, J., Montoya, F., Domínguez, S., & Mejías, C. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.11841
Herrera, M., & Godoy‐Faúndez, Á. (2021) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi13050112 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Covid 19 y Restricciones Sanitarias
Ponce, C. (2021) · Observatorio Económico · doi:10.11565/oe.vi161.431
Tirachini, A., Guevara, C. Á., Munizaga, M. A., Carrasco, J. A., Astroza, S., & Hurtubia, R. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4022866
Bonvecchi, A., Calvo, E. F., Otálvaro-Ramírez, S., & Scartascini, C. (2022) · doi:10.18235/0004396
Revitalising the Silk Road: Evidence from Railway Infrastructure Investments in Northwest ChinaPreprint
Yu, L. B., Tran, T., & Lee, W.-S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4178930
A POST-COVID-19 ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE CHILEAN NDC REVISION
Babonneau, F., & Marc Vielle, B. (2022) · Climate Change Economics · doi:10.1142/s2010007823500021
Delgadillo, D. S., & Salinas, J. C. (2023) · Estudios Políticos · doi:10.22201/fcpys.24484903e.2023.58.84840
Hernández, A. M., & Martínez, V. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34953-9_41
Bibliography, Chronic Poverty Report 5 - Pandemic Poverty
Shepherd, A., & Diwakar, V. (2023) · doi:10.19088/cpan.2023.022
Sánchez, D. E., Méndez, C. A., Brun, G., Marcela Traub, M., & de Barros, L. C. (2023) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872023000200197
Valenzuela‐Levi, N., Bordón, P., Livert, F., & Henríquez, M. (2023) · Revista de Administração Pública · doi:10.1590/0034-761220220325
Zhang, X. N., Hungerford, D., Green, M. A., García‐Fiñana, M., Buchan, I. E., & Barr, B. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.24303487
Fuentes, L., Greene, M., Rodríguez, S., & Figueroa, C. (2024) · Geopolítica(s) Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder · doi:10.5209/geop.93456
- Authors
- Bennett, M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bennett, Magdalena
- Venue
- World Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 137
- Pages
- 105208
- ISSN
- 0305-750X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7513907
- OpenAlex
- W3088727739
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 3.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- World Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown policy, quarantine policy, policy effectiveness, income heterogeneity, social distancing, Chile, municipalities, natural experiment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
