Cited by 913Mental Health and Patient InvolvementPsychiatric care and mental health servicesFamily Caregiving in Mental Illness

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Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: a review of evidence and experience

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DAVIDSON, LARRY, BELLAMY, CHYRELL, GUY, KIMBERLY, MILLER, REBECCA·2012·World Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.009PMC PMC3363389

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Abstract

Peer support is largely considered to represent a recent advance in community mental health, introduced in the 1990s as part of the mental health service user movement. Actually, peer support has its roots in the moral treatment era inaugurated by Pussin and Pinel in France at the end of the 18th century, and has re-emerged at different times throughout the history of psychiatry. In its more recent form, peer support is rapidly expanding in a number of countries and, as a result, has become the focus of considerable research. Thus far, there is evidence that peer staff providing conventional mental health services can be effective in engaging people into care, reducing the use of emergency rooms and hospitals, and reducing substance use among persons with co-occurring substance use disorders. When providing peer support that involves positive self-disclosure, role modeling, and conditional regard, peer staff have also been found to increase participants' sense of hope, control, and ability to effect changes in their lives; increase their self-care, sense of community belonging, and satisfaction with various life domains; and decrease participants' level of depression and psychosis.

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Evaluation of an evidence-based practice training for peer support workers in behavioral health care
Crisanti, A. S., Murray-Krezan, C. M., Karlin, L. S., Sutherland-Bruaw, K., & Najavits, L. M. (2016) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2016.1212453 · Cited by 9
“There are several reasons for this growth, including the reimbursement of peer support services under the Medicaid program, a growing body of literature on the effectiveness of peer-delivered services, and an emphasis on recovery-oriented behavioral health systems (Chinman et al., 2014; Daniels, Bergeson, Fricks, Ashe…”
Background
Peer-Delivered Models for Caregivers of Children and Adults with Health Conditions: A Review
Acri, M. C., Zhang, S., Adler, J. G., & Gopalan, G. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0616-1 · Cited by 10
“Peers are also proposed as a cost-effective alternative to other professionally-run programs, although this has not yet been established (Davidson et al. 2012; Hoagwood et al. 2010).”
Becoming a social work professional after incarceration
Runell, L. (2018) · Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1177/1468017318815293 · Cited by 9
A Participatory Approach to Person‐Centred Research
Davidson, L., Bellamy, C. D., Flanagan, E. H., Guy, K., & O’Connell, M. J. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119099635.ch6 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
“Do I feel safe here?” Organisational climate and mental health peer worker experience
Reeves, V., Loughhead, M., Halpin, M. A., & Procter, N. G. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11765-8 · Cited by 10
The Role of Peer Support Group in Subjective Well-Being of Wives of War Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Vagharseyyedin, S. A., Zarei, B., Esmaeili, A., & Gholami, M. (2018) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2018.1471760 · Cited by 8
Factors Influencing Attendees’ Engagement with Group Psychoeducation: A Multi-stakeholder Perspective
Higgins, A., Downes, C., Murphy, R., Barry, J., Monahan, M., Doyle, L., & Gibbons, P. (2022) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01182-y · Cited by 10
Do recovery‐oriented messages improve self‐efficacy and positive emotions amongst people with lived experience of psychosis? Experimental investigation
McLeod, B., Meyer, C., Meyer, D., Nunan, C., Murray, G., Farhall, J., & Thomas, N. (2022) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12415 · Cited by 8
“Beyond mental health professionals, peers (persons with lived experience of recovery) are increasingly involved in the delivery of mental health care, with their inclusion seen as aligned with recoveryoriented practice (Davidson et al., 2012).”
Background
Managers as peer workers’ allies: A qualitative study of managers’ perceptions and actions to involve peer workers in Norwegian mental health and substance use services
Åkerblom, K. B., Mohn-Haugen, T., Agdal, R., & Ness, O. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-023-00588-5 · Cited by 17
“Peer workers are characterized by the currently being or previously being affected by mental health challenges and have either overcome or learned to live well with them [5].”
Background
Peer Support
Fisher, E. B., Tang, P. Y., Coufal, M. M., Liu, Y., Luu, S., Evans, M., & Jia, W. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29171-5_9 · Cited by 10
Lived experience allyship in mental health services: Recommendations for improved uptake of allyship roles in support of peer workforces
Reeves, V., Loughhead, M., Teague, C., Halpin, M. A., & Procter, N. G. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13322 · Cited by 8
Peer Support Workers in Mental Health Services: A Qualitative Exploration of Emotional Burden, Moral Distress and Strategies to Reduce the Risk of Mental Health Crisis
Klingemann, J. I., Sienkiewicz‐Jarosz, H., Molenda, B., & Świtaj, P. (2024) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01370-8 · Cited by 12
“The profession of PSWs is intended to act as a bridge between the patients, their family and medical staff (Davidson et al., 2012; Leamy et al., 2011; Slade et al., 2014).”
What works for peer support groups: learning from mental health and wellbeing groups in Bath and North East Somerset
Fieldhouse, J., Parmenter, V., Lillywhite, R., & Forsey, P. (2017) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-11-2016-0032 · Cited by 8
How do peer support workers value self‐directed growth over conventional change goals among young people experiencing homelessness?
Erangey, J., Marvin, C., Littman, D. M., Bender, K., Mollica, M., Milligan, T., & Lucas, T. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22649 · Cited by 8
Peer Support at the Intersection of Disability and Opioid (Mis)Use: Key Stakeholders Provide Essential Considerations
Nicholson, J., Valentine, A. M., Ledingham, E. M., & Reif, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159664 · Cited by 8
“Peers are often seen as more authentic, less prescriptive, and less stigmatizing than practitioners providing more traditional behavioral health treatment [11].”
Background
Innovations in community-based mental health care: an overview of meta-analyses
Carrà, G., Bartoli, F., Capogrosso, C. A., Cioni, R. M., Moretti, F., Piacenti, S., Riboldi, I., Crocamo, C., & Bebbington, P. (2022) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2022.2113043 · Cited by 11
“(n¼ 1: Fuhr et al., 2014) considered recovery-oriented intervention, is defined as a service delivered by a trained person with a personal experience of SMI to someone with a serious mental disorder, offering long-term support to make possible recovery in the community (Davidson et al., 2006; 2012).”
Background
Staff Experiences of Integrating Peer Support Workers and Clinical Staff in Community-Based Residential Mental Health Rehabilitation: A Pragmatic Grounded Theory Analysis
Parker, S., Dark, F. L., Newman, E., Wyder, M., Pommeranz, M., Walgers, R., & Meurk, C. (2022) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-022-01054-1 · Cited by 8
“The challenges staff experienced during the implementation and setting up of the integrated staffing model, including stigmatising views of PSWs by some clinicians, mirror those observed elsewhere in the literature (Davidson et al., 2012; Faulkner & Basset, 2012; Gillard & Holley, 2014).”
BackgroundResult
A substantial peer-worker workforce in a psychiatric service will improve patient outcomes – the case against
O’Connor, N., Clark, S. C., & Ryan, C. J. (2017) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856217700777 · Cited by 8
What Is the Meaning of Recovery?
Davidson, L., & Schmutte, T. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11908-9_4 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Recovery and care continuity experiences of people in mental health care: A conciliatory approach to the challenge of implementing recovery‐based services
Weaver, N. (2021) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13373 · Cited by 9
“Particularly in the context of peer support settings, which may provide an optimal environment for discourse ethics and communicative action, there is the greatest potential for new forms of intersubjective understanding and emancipatory recovery versions to be developed (Davidson et al. 2012).”
Background
Consumers lived experiences and satisfaction with sub-acute mental health residential services
Waks, S., Morrisroe, E., Reece, J., Fossey, E., Brophy, L., & Fletcher, J. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02631-3 · Cited by 7
The missing link-participants’ perspectives on transfer from psychosocial interventional contexts to everyday community life: a qualitative synthesis of interventional studies
Bjørkedal, S. T. B., Eplov, L. F., & Møller, T. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00567-w · Cited by 7
“This has been addressed in a review by Davidson and colleagues, suggesting that peers introduce new ways of using experiential knowledge in negotiating day-to-day life, not only with the illness but also with its social consequences such as poverty and stigma [13].”
Background
Experiences of Certified Peer Support Specialist Providing Formal Peer Support in Mental Health Services: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Synthesis
Ser, H. X. E., Pua, X. Y. V., Li, Z., & Goh, Y. S. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13415 · Cited by 7
How Do Social Media Influencers Support College Students’ Mental Well-Being? A Theory-Driven Content Analysis of YouTube Videos on Mental Health
Huang, M., & Ki, E. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2025.2484255 · Cited by 7
“Identifying with specific groups enhances their well-being and social integration (Davidson et al., 2012).”
Exploring Alternative Socio-Technical Systems for Careful Data Work in Recovery Contexts
Claisse, C., Osborne, A. K., Sillence, E., Glascott, A., Cameron, A., & Durrant, A. C. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713537 · Cited by 7
Peer support as a buffer: reducing math anxiety through psychological resilience in left-behind rural students
Wang, C., Li, X.-Y., & Lin, X. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05075-5 · Cited by 12
“Notably, there is a lack of research integrating these factors to speci ﬁ cally address math anxiety among junior high school students (Davidson et al., 2012; Luo et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2015; Zolkoski & Bullock, 2012).”
The role of social work and peer support workers in addressing the opioid crisis
Serrano, M. D., & Conley, T. B. (2021) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2021.1929661 · Cited by 7
Growth and Hope after loss: How TAPS facilitates posttraumatic growth in those grieving military deaths
Moore, M. M., Palmer, J. K., Cerel, J., & Ruocco, K. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.996041 · Cited by 8
La pair-aidance pour soutenir le rétablissement en intervention précoce pour la psychose : enjeux autour de son implantation au Québec et dans la francophonie
Padilha, P. P. D. O., Gagné, G., Iyer, S. N., Thibeault, E., Levasseur, M. A., Massicotte, H., & Abdel‐Baki, A. (2023) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1106400ar · Cited by 9
Comparison of Resilience, Personal Recovery, and Quality of Life Measures Pre- and Post-Discharge from Inpatient Mental Health Units in Alberta: Analysis of Control Group Data from a Randomized Trial
Owusu, E., Shalaby, R., Elgendy, H. E., Mao, W., Shalaby, N., Agyapong, B., Nichols, A., Eboreime, E., Nkire, N., Lawal, M. A., et al. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11222958 · Cited by 6
“Evidence shows that providing peer support to others may also beneﬁt peer support workers by enhancing their own feelings of competence and personal value [62–65].”
Background
Perceived reputation moderates the link between honor concerns and depressive symptoms
Foster, S. D., & Bock, J. E. (2024) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2024.2334036 · Cited by 8
“It is well known that increases in peer support can mitigate depressive symptoms (see Davidson et al., 2012)-one might consider whether certain benefits in the social world of honor endorsing individuals may be particularly effective when it comes to buffering against other life stressors, for…”
Open Media Science
Martiny, K. M. M., Pedersen, D. B., & Birkegaard, A. (2016) · Journal of Science Communication · doi:10.22323/2.15060202 · Cited by 6
“of coping with the situation, seeing alternative perspectives, and allowing for learning, modeling, and enhancing problem-solving skills [Davidson et al., 1999, p. 168; Davidson et al., 2012].”
Background
Psychosocial Services for Individuals With Serious Mental Illness/Severe Emotional Disturbance: Clinical Practice Guideline Toolkit
Jansen, M. A. (2018) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2018.1440116 · Cited by 7
Predictors of CBT-pretreatment intervention engagement and completion: Evidence for peer support.
Nelson, C. B., Lusk, R. K., Cawood, C. D., Boore-Clor, L., Ranganathan, A., & Lyubkin, M. (2018) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000268 · Cited by 10
From darkness to light: Barriers and facilitators to mental health recovery in the South African context
de Wet, A., & Pretorius, C. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020981126 · Cited by 7
“The results from the study point to the benefits that could be gained from the implementation of PSW, which could, on the one hand, counteract barriers to recovery, such as lack of supportive structures in communities, reducing re-admissions (Davidson et al., 2012), addressing stigma and SUs’ attitudes or behaviour, a…”
BackgroundInfluential
Addressing opioid misuse and mental health conditions through interdisciplinary workforce development programs
Weller, B. E., Carver, J. N., Harrison, J., & Chapleau, A. (2021) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2021.1904088 · Cited by 7
Responding to the Psychological Needs of Health-Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Case Study from the Medical College of Wisconsin
Kroll, K. H., Larsen, S. E., Lamb, K. M., Davies, W. H., Cipriano, D. J., deRoon‐Cassini, T. A., Agrawal, H., Pawar, D. S., Owen, J. R., & Apps, J. N. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-021-09791-3 · Cited by 7
“Our results can also be understood within the existing research on support groups, which are often seen as a primary mode of providing support and enhancing emotional coping during challenging times (Davidson et al., 2012; Goldstrom et al., 2006).”
Result
Escalating complexity and fragmentation of mental health service systems: the role of recovery as a form of moral communication
Weaver, N. (2021) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-11-2020-0782 · Cited by 8

Authors: DAVIDSON, L., BELLAMY, C., GUY, K., & MILLER, R.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
ORCID: DAVIDSON, LARRY
BELLAMY, CHYRELL
MILLER, REBECCA
Venue: World Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-06
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 123-128
ISSN: 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
2051-5545
DOI: 10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.009
PMC: PMC3363389
OpenAlex: W2100229021
Cited by: 913
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 137 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 11
FWCI: 37.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 284 d)
Locations: World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Keywords: peer support, severe mental illness, moral treatment, community mental health, engagement in care, emergency department utilization, hospitalization, co-occurring substance use disorders, self-disclosure, role modeling, hope, self-care, community belonging, depression, psychosis

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Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: a review of evidence and experience

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