Cited by 913Mental Health and Patient InvolvementPsychiatric care and mental health servicesFamily Caregiving in Mental Illness

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Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: a review of evidence and experience

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DAVIDSON, LARRY, BELLAMY, CHYRELL, GUY, KIMBERLY, MILLER, REBECCA·2012·World Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.009PMC PMC3363389

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Abstract

Peer support is largely considered to represent a recent advance in community mental health, introduced in the 1990s as part of the mental health service user movement. Actually, peer support has its roots in the moral treatment era inaugurated by Pussin and Pinel in France at the end of the 18th century, and has re-emerged at different times throughout the history of psychiatry. In its more recent form, peer support is rapidly expanding in a number of countries and, as a result, has become the focus of considerable research. Thus far, there is evidence that peer staff providing conventional mental health services can be effective in engaging people into care, reducing the use of emergency rooms and hospitals, and reducing substance use among persons with co-occurring substance use disorders. When providing peer support that involves positive self-disclosure, role modeling, and conditional regard, peer staff have also been found to increase participants' sense of hope, control, and ability to effect changes in their lives; increase their self-care, sense of community belonging, and satisfaction with various life domains; and decrease participants' level of depression and psychosis.

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“The relationship between the peer supporter and the recipient is characterized by trust, acceptance, understanding, and the use of empathy [23].”
Background
Peer support in prehospital emergency: the first responders' point of view
Oliveira, A., Teixeira, F., Neto, F. F. M., & Maia, Â. (2020) · International Journal of Emergency Services · doi:10.1108/ijes-07-2020-0035 · Cited by 9
Learning from those we serve: Piloting a culture competence intervention co-developed by university faculty and persons in recovery.
Delphin-Rittmon, M. E., Flanagan, E. H., Bellamy, C. D., Diaz, A., Johnson, K. K., Molta, V., Williamson, B., Cruza-Guet, M.-C., & Ortiz, J. (2015) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000155 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Together, Apart: Grief in the Time of COVID-19
Anderson, J. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14658027.v1 · Cited by 5
Child and adolescent psychiatry: challenges, solutions, opportunities, and future directions
Cortese, S., Arango, C., Aymerich, C., Catalan, A., Chetouani, M., Cohen, D., Coghill, D., Gabellone, A., Iniesta, R., Kadan, A., et al. (2026) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.70044 · Cited by 4
“In recent years, an increasing number of programs have incorporated peer support into their services 302,303 .”
Engagement in substance use disorder treatment after an emergency department visit among persons at high risk of opioid overdose: A prediction analysis
Bhondoekhan, F., Li, Y., Hallowell, B. D., Mahoney, L., Daly, M. M., Goulet, J., Beaudoin, F. L., Chambers, L. C., & Marshall, B. D. L. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100287 · Cited by 4
“…non-prescribed drugs (Cos et al., 2020; Blakeman et al., 2006; Reblin and Uchino, 2008; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHSA, 2024; Sells et al., 2020; Lau-det and Humphreys, 2013; Abbott et al., 2019; Davidson et al., 2012; Chinman et al., 2024; Boisvert et al., 2008).”
PEER SUPPORT PROGRAMME AMONG AMBULANCE PERSONNEL: JOB SATISFACTION, HEALTH AND SUPPORT
Oliveira, A., Correia‐Santos, P., Neto, F. F. M., & Maia, Â. (2021) · Psicologia Saúde & Doenças · doi:10.15309/21psd220309 · Cited by 4
Staff experiences of working alongside peer support workers in forensic mental health community teams: a qualitative study
Nash, E., Taplin, S., Rust, L. J., & Percival, R. (2022) · Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/jfp-05-2021-0030 · Cited by 4
Preconception Care for People With Health Conditions: What Approaches Work, for Whom, and in What Circumstances? A Realist Review
Hopper, H., Husk, K., Maslin, K., Kent, B., Wanner, A., & Shawe, J. (2022) · Women s Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2022.2132841 · Cited by 4
Behavioral Health Training and Peer Support Programs
Pressley, H., Blalock, J. R., & Hasselt, V. B. V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38149-2_7 · Cited by 4
Assessing Mental Healthcare Worker Experiences of Workplace Fairness and Organizational Value: A National Survey of Peer-Support Specialists
Collier, K. M., Halvorsen, C., & Fortuna, K. L. (2023) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/21650799231200028 · Cited by 4
“…service users report increased engagement in self-care, sense of control over their own lives, and feeling that their needs are being adequately taken into consideration and responded to over the course of their treatment when working with peer-support specialists (Davidson et al., 2012).”
Background
Impact of veteran‐led peer mentorship on posttraumatic stress disorder
Franco, Z. E., Ruffalo, L., Curry, B., Gollin‐Graves, M., Ahamed, S. I., Winstead, O., Hooyer, K., Pazdera, M., Rein, L., Mazaba, J. L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23038 · Cited by 4
Juvenile Justice-Based Interdisciplinary Collective Care: An Innovative Approach
Brown, S., & Perez, O. F. R. (2024) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01285-4 · Cited by 7
“As found in the mental health and addiction service literature, there is substantial evidence that supports the effectiveness of peer delivered services (e.g., Bassuk et al., 2016; Davidson et al., 2012).”
Integration von Genesungsbegleitern in psychiatrische Behandlungsteams
Gather, J., Otte, I. C., Werning, A., Nossek, A., Vollmann, J., & Juckel, G. (2019) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-0829-0436 · Cited by 4
“Die Idee, von einer psychischen Erkrankung betroffene Menschen im Sinne eines „Experienced-Involvement (EXIN)“ als Genesungsbegleiter an der medizinischen Behandlung anderer Menschen zu beteiligen, hat im Hinblick auf eine Implementierung im psychiatrischen Versorgungssystem und eine wissenschaftliche Evaluation erst…”
Background
Peer support work on an inpatient unit for adults experiencing psychosis
Wood, H. J., & Padilla, S. B. (2019) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2019.1603321 · Cited by 4
Reparation for Psychiatric Violence: A Call to Justice
Minkowitz, T. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108979016.006 · Cited by 4
Servant leadership informed trauma peer support
Mahon, D. (2021) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-06-2021-0029 · Cited by 4
Healing from recurrent suicide attempts: the impact of being a peer facilitator
Gaffney, A., & Bergmans, Y. (2022) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2022.2033904 · Cited by 4
“Without a well-integrated PF component, the potential strain between peers and professionals could continue to exist (Davidson et al., 2012; Mowbray et al., 1998; Repper & Carter, 2011; Vandewalle et al., 2016; Wyder et al., 2020).”
Background
Mental Health Peer Worker Perspectives on Resources Developed from Lived Experience Research Findings: A Delphi Study
Li, S. X., Honey, A., Coniglio, F., & Schaecken, P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19073881 · Cited by 4
“Peer workers are well positioned to disseminate lived experience research findings, as they work with consumers on an equal level and practice from a lived experience base [14].”
BackgroundInfluential
Getting Help: Findings from Two World Cafés with Youth who Experience Homelessness
Woodhall-Melnik, J., Hamilton-Wright, S., Hamilton-Wright, E., Guilcher, S. J. T., & Matheson, F. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse · doi:10.29173/cjfy29797 · Cited by 3
Use of the Operational Stress Injury Social Support (OSISS) Program in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadian Active Duty Military Personnel
Duranceau, S., Angehrn, A., Zamorski, M. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2022) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2022.2057374 · Cited by 4
“Peer support programs have been successfully used in populations with severe mental illness (Davidson et al., 2012) and may also prove beneficial with military populations.”
Method
Experiences of Community Members Engaged in eCPR (Emotional Connecting, Empowering, Revitalizing) Training: Qualitative Focus Group Study
Myers, A. L., Mbao, M., Kadakia, A., Collings, S., & Fortuna, K. L. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/32219 · Cited by 4
Qualitative Study to Support Future Implementation of Peer Support in a Psychiatric Emergency Room Service in Campinas, Brazil
dos Santos, D. A. H. O., Reis, G. D. C., Costa, M. C., Banzato, C. E. M., Bellamy, C. D., O’Connell, M. J., McDonald-Bellamy, H., Davidson, L., & Campos, R. T. O. (2022) · Journal of Recovery in Mental Health · doi:10.33137/jrmh.v5i2.38178 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Outcomes of Peer-Provided Individual Placement and Support Services in a Mental Health Peer-Run Vocational Program
Cook, J. Α., Steigman, P. J., Swarbrick, M. A., Burke-Miller, J. K., Laing, T., Vite, L., Jonikas, J. A., & Brown, I. S. (2022) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20220134 · Cited by 4
‘It’s like there’s no staff here – we’re all a friendly bunch of people’ – Young service users’ experiences of peer support in a youth-friendly service
Krane, V., Sommer, M., Kippenes, M., & Karlsson, B. (2022) · Nordisk välfärdsforskning | Nordic Welfare Research · doi:10.18261/nwr.7.2.4 · Cited by 4
Mental health workers’ perspectives on the implementation of a peer support intervention in five countries: qualitative findings from the UPSIDES study
Haun, M., Girit, S., Goldfarb, Y., Kalha, J., Korde, P., Kwebiiha, E., Moran, G. S., Mtei, R. J., Niwemuhwezi, J., Nixdorf, R., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081963 · Cited by 4
Self-Esteem, Resilience, And Mental Well-Being Among Students
Farooq, S., & Majeed, J. (2024) · doi:10.53555/kuey.v30i5.4647 · Cited by 13
The Type, Impacts, and Experiences of Peer Support for People Living With Bipolar Disorder: A Scoping Review
Morton, E. E., Willis, E., Brozena, J., Kcomt, A., & Michalak, E. E. (2025) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.70006 · Cited by 6
“Community organizations hold critical experiential knowledge about the key characteristics and qualities of effective peer support in BD [10]; collaboration during trial design may help researchers to ensure that the delivery of peer support is optimized, and that the outcome measures selected in…”
Stakeholders' Perspectives on the Landscape of Peer Support in Swedish Mental Health Services: A Qualitative Study
Engdahl, P., Bejerholm, U., Markström, U., Gustafsson, A., Rosenberg, D., & Argentzell, E. (2025) · Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s40737-025-00452-4 · Cited by 4
“Peer support as an intervention has been noted to be complex to evaluate because of the uncertainty of what is actually being delivered and what its active ingredient is (Davidson and Guy 2012).”
Changes in attitudes of mental health care staff surrounding the implementation of peer support work: A qualitative study
Ruiz‐Pérez, G., Küsel, M., & von Peter, S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319830 · Cited by 4
Peer Guidance: development of Children's Wellbeing on Addicted Parents
Supriyanto, A., Hendiani, N., Wahyudi, A., Purwadi, P., & Fauziah, M. (2020) · Counsellia Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling · doi:10.25273/counsellia.v10i1.6214 · Cited by 4
“Support skills are the recognition of values in the form of support from peers in overcoming concerns (Davidson et al., 2012).”
Background
Personal-recovery-oriented community mental healthcare: qualitative evaluation of a developmental project
Beckers, T., van Tienen, L. J. ‐., Willems, R., Koopmans, M., & Corstens, D. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035709 · Cited by 4
The ‘Fusion Law’ Proposals and the CRPD
Dawson, J., & SZMUKLER, G. I. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108979016.009 · Cited by 4
Rola i funkcjonowanie Asystentów Zdrowienia (Ex-In) w środowiskowym modelu opieki psychiatrycznej
Bartosiewicz-Niziołek, M., Kaczmarczyk-Partyka, S., Olszewski, B. H., & Ostrowska, M. (2021) · Studia Psychologica Theoria et praxis · doi:10.21697/sp.2021.21.2.01 · Cited by 4
Therapy of the Adjustment Disorder
Baumeister, H., Bachem, R., & Domhardt, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64057-9_21 · Cited by 4
A bridge to recovery: an interpretative phenomenological analysis with peer support specialists in Singapore
Ng, J. T. L., & Barlas, J. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2022.2164399 · Cited by 4
“There are narrative reviews considering the developments, benefits and challenges of PSS (e.g., Davidson et al., 2012; Mahlke et al., 2014; Miyamoto & Sono, 2012; Repper & Carter, 2011), systematic reviews investigating the efficacy and effectiveness of PSS in improving outcomes for individuals…”
Background
Peer workers to address discrimination against women in psychiatry and mental health
Chevillotte, E., & Dondé, C. (2023) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2023.05.002 · Cited by 4
Mechanisms Activated in the Interaction between Peer Supporters and Peers: How do the Peer Supporters Perceive and Perform Their Role in an Intervention Targeted Socially Vulnerable People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Realist-Informed Evaluation
Garn, S. D., Glümer, C., Villadsen, S. F., Pico, M. L., & Christensen, U. (2023) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/2023/5367426 · Cited by 4
“studies on peer support for people with T2D [34, 35] and on peer support within mental health services [15, 36].”
Background

Authors: DAVIDSON, L., BELLAMY, C., GUY, K., & MILLER, R.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
ORCID: DAVIDSON, LARRY
BELLAMY, CHYRELL
MILLER, REBECCA
Venue: World Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-06
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 123-128
ISSN: 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
2051-5545
DOI: 10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.009
PMC: PMC3363389
OpenAlex: W2100229021
Cited by: 913
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 137 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 11
FWCI: 37.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 284 d)
Locations: World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Keywords: peer support, severe mental illness, moral treatment, community mental health, engagement in care, emergency department utilization, hospitalization, co-occurring substance use disorders, self-disclosure, role modeling, hope, self-care, community belonging, depression, psychosis

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Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: a review of evidence and experience

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