Toxic Stress in Children and Adolescents
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Prolonged periods of unbuffered, unregulated stress can disrupt the structure and functioning of critical neurobiological systems, including the brain, neuroendocrine system, and immune system.
“In turn, prolonged periods of unbuffered, unregulated stress can disrupt the structure and functioning of critical neurobiological systems, including the brain, neuroendocrine system, and immune system”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context<sup>1</sup> (2019) · cites this paper as Bucci, Marques, Oh, & Harris, 2016
These associations are mediated by the dysregulated stress response and its corresponding impact on immune system efficiency and brain architecture.
“These associations are mediated by the dysregulated stress response and its corresponding impact on immune system efficiency and brain architecture (e.g., Bucci et al., 2016;Walker, 2016).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context<sup>1</sup> (2019) · cites this paper as Bucci et al., 2016
Cites
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943 · see citing works
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444 · see citing works
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395 · see citing works
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Conversely if the exposure to the stressful situation is intense, chronic, or repeated and occurs during sensitive periods of development and without a buffering factor, it is associated with a prolonged or frequent and dysregulated activation of these allostatic processes [48–50] and can become maladaptive and, over…”
BackgroundThe Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress
Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., THE COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, C. O. E. C., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., Garner, A. S., McGuinn, L., Pascoe, J., & Wood, D. L. (2012) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2663 · Cited by 5,164 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Exposure to frequent, prolonged, or intensely negative experiences in childhood (ie, early life adversity) has been associated with long-term negative health outcomes, including ischemic heart disease, cancer, diabetes, asthma, and premature death, among others [1,4–8].”
BackgroundPhysiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain
McEwen, B. S. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006 · Cited by 4,981 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Nervous system In the nervous system, prolonged exposure to early life adversity results in structural and functional alterations in stress-sensitive regions of the brain such as the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex [32,52,53].”
BackgroundPerceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.
Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0016059 · Cited by 4,427 · see citing works
Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse
McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonté, B., Szyf, M., Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2270 · Cited by 3,531 · see citing works
The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine
McEwen, B. S., & Wingfield, J. C. (2003) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0018-506x(02)00024-7 · Cited by 3,302 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…stressful situation is intense, chronic, or repeated and occurs during sensitive periods of development and without a buffering factor, it is associated with a prolonged or frequent and dysregulated activation of these allostatic processes [48–50] and can become maladaptive and, over time, toxic.”
BackgroundCytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression
Raison, C. L., Capuron, L., & Miller, A. H. (2006) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.11.006 · Cited by 3,009 · see citing works
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress
Tsigos, C., & Chrousos, G. P. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00429-4 · Cited by 2,822 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Physiologically normal HPA axis function depends on the balanced activation of two corticosteroid receptors with opposing effects: mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors [36,39].”
BackgroundInfluentialMiller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25 · Cited by 2,467 · see citing works
Stress and Health: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants
Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 · Cited by 2,252 · see citing works
The neurobiology of stress and development.
Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605 · Cited by 2,011 · cited 1× · see citing works
“disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic anxiety, melancholic depression, eating disorders, substance and alcohol abuse, and personality and conduct disorders [75,76].”
BackgroundSensitive periods in the development of the brain and behavior
Knudsen, E. I. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042304796 · Cited by 1,842 · see citing works
Psychological Stress and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., & Smith, A. P. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199108293250903 · Cited by 1,712 · see citing works
Adolescent Brain Development: A Period of Vulnerabilities and Opportunities. Keynote Address
DAHL, R. E. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1308.001 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of premature mortality
Brown, D. W., Anda, R. F., Tiemeier, H., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., Croft, J. B., & Giles, W. H. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.021 · Cited by 1,369 · see citing works
Chronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Preacher, K. J., MacCallum, R. C., Atkinson, C., Malarkey, W. B., & Glaser, R. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1531903100 · Cited by 1,220 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The activation of the sympathetic nervous system during a stress response triggers a sustained elevation in the inflammatory response in the organism by inducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in the systemic circulation [59,60].”
BackgroundStress- and Allostasis-Induced Brain Plasticity
McEwen, B. S., & Gianaros, P. J. (2011) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-052209-100430 · Cited by 1,171 · see citing works
A mechanism converting psychosocial stress into mononuclear cell activation
Bierhaus, A., Wolf, J., Andrassy, M., Rohleder, N., Humpert, P. M., Petrov, D., Ferstl, R., von Eynatten, M., Wendt, T., Rudofsky, G., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0438019100 · Cited by 926 · see citing works
Hillis, S. D., Anda, R. F., Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Marchbanks, P. A., & Marks, J. S. (2004) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.113.2.320 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Bethell, C. D., Newacheck, P., Hawes, E., & Halfon, N. (2014) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0914 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
The prefrontal cortex as a key target of the maladaptive response to stress
Cerqueira, J. J., Mailliet, F., Almeida, O. F. X., Jay, T. M., & Sousa, N. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4372-06.2007 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
The impact of adverse childhood experiences on an urban pediatric population
Burke, N. J., Hellman, J. L., Scott, B. G., Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. G. (2011) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.02.006 · Cited by 594 · cited 14× · see citing works
“2% of participants had experienced one or more ACE (abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction) and 12% experienced 4 or more ACEs [23].”
BackgroundInfluentialMaternal presence serves as a switch between learning fear and attraction in infancy
Moriceau, S., & Sullivan, R. M. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1733 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Mechanisms linking early life stress to adult health outcomes
Taylor, S. E. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1003890107 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Child Health in Early Adolescence
Flaherty, E. G., Thompson, R., Dubowitz, H., Harvey, E. M., English, D. J., Proctor, L. J., & Runyan, D. K. (2013) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.22 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences and prescribed psychotropic medications in adults
Anda, R. F., Brown, D. W., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.005 · Cited by 323 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[9,10,20–24,26,125–131].”
Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Park, H., Dostal, M., Kocan, A., Trnovec, T., & Sram, R. (2008) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00190.x · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Conceptual development of the immune system as a sixth sense
Blalock, J. E., & Smith, E. M. (2007) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.09.004 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Developmental emergence of fear learning corresponds with changes in amygdala synaptic plasticity
Thompson, J. V., Sullivan, R. M., & Wilson, D. A. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.057 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Liu, J. P., Clarke, I. J., Funder, J. W., & Engler, D. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117121 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Neuroscience of Drug Reward and Addiction
Volkow, N. D., Michaelides, M., & Baler, R. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2018 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context<sup>1</sup>
Cantor, P., Osher, D., Berg, J., Steyer, L., & Rose, T. (2019) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2017.1398649 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“These associations are mediated by the dysregulated stress response and its corresponding impact on immune system efficiency and brain architecture (e.g., Bucci et al., 2016; Walker, 2016).”
BackgroundEpigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma
Jiang, S., Postovit, L., Cattaneo, A., Binder, E. B., & Aitchison, K. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00808 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
“In the United States, around 60% of adults reported that they had experienced at least one type of ACE (2).”
BackgroundInfluentialAdverse Childhood Experiences and Trauma-Informed Care
Goddard, A. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.09.001 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Uddin, J., Alharbi, N., Uddin, H., Hossain, M. B., Hatipoğlu, S. S., Long, D. L., & Carson, A. P. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.132 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Llorens, M., Barba, M., Torralbas, J., Nadal, R., Armario, A., Gagliano, H., Betriu, M., Urraca, L., Pujol, S., Montalvo, I., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.041 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Shaped by your childhood: Adult chronic pain in relation to psychological trauma in childhood
University of Akureyri, T. F. D. O. Á. M., Pálsdóttir, V. H., Jónsdóttir, Þ., University of Akureyri, Óskarsson, G. K., & University of Akureyri (2023) · Læknablaðið · doi:10.17992/lbl.2023.02.728 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Letourneau, N., Anis, L., Cui, C., Graham, I. D., Ross, K., Nixon, K., Reimer, J., Pilipchuk, M., Wang, E., Lalonde, S., et al. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05232-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bucci, M., Marques, S. S., Oh, D., & Harris, N. B.
- Corresponding author
- Marques, Sara Silvério
- Venue
- Advances in Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 403-428
- ISSN
- 0065-3101 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2503688098
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- toxic stress, childhood adversity, child development, adolescents, social environment, long-term health effects, sensitive periods of development
- MeSH terms
- Exposure to Violence, Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events, Adolescent, Child, Child Abuse, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Immune Tolerance, Life Change Events, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Sympathetic Nervous System, Family Conflict, Epigenomics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review