CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 43Developmental Biology and Gene RegulationEchinoderm biology and ecologyMarine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology

A switch in the cellular basis of skeletogenesis in late-stage sea urchin larvae

Open access
Yajima, Mamiko·2007·Developmental Biology
DOI 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.04.050
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) are solely responsible for the skeletogenesis during early larval development of the sea urchin, but the cells responsible for late larval and adult skeletal formation are not clear. To investigate the origin of larval and adult skeletogenic cells, I first performed transplantation experiments in Pseudocentrotus depressus and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, which have different skeletal phenotypes. When P. depressus PMCs were transplanted into H. pulcherrimus embryos, the donor phenotype was observed only in the early larval stage, whereas when secondary mesenchyme cells (SMCs) were transplanted, the donor phenotype was observed in late and metamorphic larvae. Second, a reporter construct driven by the spicule matrix protein 50 (SM50) promoter was introduced into fertilized eggs and their PMCs/SMCs were transplanted. In the resultant 6-armed pluteus, green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was observed in both PMC and SMC transplantations, suggesting SMC participation in late skeletogenesis. Third, transplanted PMCs or SMCs tagged with GFP were analyzed by PCR in the transgenic chimeras. As a result, SMCs were detected in both larval and adult stages, but GFP from PMCs was undetectable after metamorphosis. Thus, it appears that SMCs participate in skeletogenesis in late development and that PMCs disappear in the adult sea urchin, suggesting that the skeletogenesis may pass from PMCs to SMCs during the late larval stage.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.04.050

Cites

47 of 47 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The precocious expression of skeletogenic functions in the micromere lineage is a classic case of evolutionary heterochrony in which a complex function pleisiomorphically larval and adult and, in some primitive echinoids, late embryonic has been moved forward in the life cycle to the early embryonic period.

    “The precocious expression of skeletogenic functions in the micromere lineage is a classic case of evolutionary heterochrony in which a complex function pleisiomorphically larval and adult and, in some primitive echinoids, late embryonic has been moved forward in the life cycle to the early embryonic period (4, 13).”

    From Transfer of a large gene regulatory apparatus to a new developmental address in echinoid evolution (2008) · cites this paper as [13]

  • In sea urchins, the larval cells producing the adult body plan skeletal structures are not descendants of the skeletogenic micromere lineage but an independently arising postembryonic mesodermal cell population.

    “A recently demonstrated fact important for this study is that in sea urchins the larval cells producing the skeletal structures of the adult body plan are not descendants of the skeletogenic micromere lineage of the embryo but rather an independently arising postembryonic mesodermal cell population (13).”

    From Transfer of a large gene regulatory apparatus to a new developmental address in echinoid evolution (2008) · cites this paper as [13]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Hyman, L.H., 1955. Echinodermata. The Invertebrates, vol. 4. McGraw-Hill Book Company, INC, pp. 487-505.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Yajima, M.
Affiliations
Ochanomizu University (JP)
Corresponding author
Yajima, Mamiko
ORCID
Yajima, Mamiko
Venue
Developmental Biology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2007-07
Volume
307
Issue
2
Pages
272-281
ISSN
0012-1606 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.04.050
OpenAlex
W1989720596
Cited by
43
References
47
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
FWCI
0.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Brown University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Echinoderm biology and ecology
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Keywords
skeletogenesis, primary mesenchyme cells, sea urchin larvae, Pseudocentrotus depressus, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, cell transplantation, Pluteus, metamorphosis, skeletal phenotype, chimeric embryos
MeSH terms
Animals, Base Sequence, Larva, Mesoderm, Phenotype, Sea Urchins, Species Specificity, Transplantation, Heterologous, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, DNA Primers, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Animals, Genetically Modified, Hemicentrotus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review