Organizational actions of metabolic hormones
Open accessAbstract
Brain development is a complex and dynamic process, and many environmental factors have been found to influence the normal development of neural pathways. Cumulative evidence suggests that metabolic hormones that regulate the hypothalamic circuits that control energy homeostasis function in much the same way that sex steroids act on sexually dimorphic circuits. For example, although the effects of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin were originally thought to be limited to the neural control of energy homeostasis in adult animals, it is now becoming increasingly clear that leptin can also determine patterns of neurogenesis, axon growth, and synaptic plasticity in the developing hypothalamus. More recent studies have also extended the role of the metabolic hormones ghrelin and insulin in various aspects of brain development. Examining how metabolic hormones control hypothalamic development will help our understanding of the developmental origin of adult metabolic diseases and, hopefully, improve our ability to predict adverse outcomes.
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The organizational/activational hypothesis has been extended to include puberty and other hormones, including oxytocin.
“Given the importance of this concept, it is perhaps not surprising that in the last 55 years this hypothesis has been extended to include another critical time period – puberty – as well as other hormones and behaviors, with one of these hormones being oxytocin (Oxt) (2–4).”
From Oxytocin during Development: Possible Organizational Effects on Behavior (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Bouret, S. G.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18-26
- ISSN
- 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3654157
- OpenAlex
- W2022346006
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-11-BSV1-0021, ANR-08-JCJC-0055)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK084142)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- metabolic hormones, brain development, hypothalamus, leptin, ghrelin, insulin, energy homeostasis, neurogenesis, axon growth, synaptic plasticity, hypothalamic circuits
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hypothalamus, Insulin, Neural Pathways, Leptin, Mice, Rats, Ghrelin, Neurogenesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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