The DOI matches its Crossref record; 177 of the 177 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives
Open accessAbstract
Sex differences are prominent in mood and anxiety disorders and may provide a window into mechanisms of onset and maintenance of affective disturbances in both men and women. With the plethora of sex differences in brain structure, function, and stress responsivity, as well as differences in exposure to reproductive hormones, social expectations and experiences, the challenge is to understand which sex differences are relevant to affective illness. This review will focus on clinical aspects of sex differences in affective disorders including the emergence of sex differences across developmental stages and the impact of reproductive events. Biological, cultural, and experiential factors that may underlie sex differences in the phenomenology of mood and anxiety disorders are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This result is consistent with previous studies showing that women experience anxiety more and are twice more likely to develop anxiety disorders over their lifetime than men [42].”
From Adaptive function and correlates of anxiety during a pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“with women at an increased risk (96, 97)”
From Higher Circulating Cortisol in the Follicular vs. Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle: A Meta-Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [96]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Other studies do not distinguish between gender and sex differences, 23 which may lead to ambiguity in the analysis.”
From Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Notably, IDs are highly comorbid [17–19] with females [20–23] and young people (i.e. <65 years) [8, 10, 17–19, 22, 24–29] disproportionately affected.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with previous studies that females have shown higher rates of depressive symptoms (Kandel and Davies, 1982), generalized anxiety disorder (Altemus et al., 2014; Kessler et al., 1994), and suicidal ideation (Borges et al., 2006; Crosby et al., 1999).”
From Time in treatment: Examining mental illness trajectories across inpatient psychiatric treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Altemus et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“and surprising given that women are more susceptible to anxiety and depressive disorders than men (53).”
From Perineuronal nets, inhibitory interneurons and anxiety-related ventral hippocampal neuronal oscillations are altered by early life adversity (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · cited 2×
“2% and lifetime rates are 2–3% (Kessler et al., 2005; Ruscio et al., 2010), with a similar prevalence internationally (Weissman et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialFelitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370 · cited 9×
“The lifetime prevalence of social anxiety disorder is higher in women at 5.7–15.5% compared to 4.2–11.1% in men (Kessler et al., 1994; Grant et al., 2005), with the sex difference in prevalence emerging prior to puberty (Beesdo et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialPosttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379 · cited 5×
“4% for women based on the National Comorbidity Survey (Kessler et al., 1995) Other studies also consistently”
BackgroundInfluentialMeta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.748 · Cited by 5,243 · cited 2×
“There is disagreement as to whether men or women have greater exposure to trauma (Robin et al., 1997; Breslau et al., 1999; CDC, 2010) and sex itself is relatively weak predictor of trauma exposure (Brewin et al., 2000).”
BackgroundDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
(2013) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.893619 · Cited by 4,412
Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight.
Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.3.411 · Cited by 3,308 · cited 3×
“, 2003), In general, under conditions of perceived threat, men are more likely to escape or cope by taking action, and women are more likely to express affiliative behavior and seek support from others (Taylor et al., 2000).”
BackgroundThe epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Ruscio, A. M., Stein, D. J., Chiu, W. T., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.94 · Cited by 2,771 · cited 5×
“2% and lifetime rates are 2–3% (Kessler et al., 2005; Ruscio et al., 2010), with a similar prevalence internationally (Weissman et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialMerikangas, K. R., Akiskal, H. S., Angst, J., Greenberg, P. E., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Petukhova, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.543 · Cited by 2,399 · cited 1×
“The lifetime prevalence of bipolar I disorder in the National Comorbidty Survey Replication was 0.8% in men and 1.1% in women and the lifetime prevalence of bipolar II disorder is 0.9% in men and 1.3% in women (Merikangas et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,000
Anjom-Shoae, J., Sadeghi, O., Keshteli, A. H., Afshar, H., Esmaillzadeh, A., & Adibi, P. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02197-1 · Cited by 28
Sex differences in brain metabolites in anxiety and mood disorders
Pigoni, A., Delvecchio, G., Squarcina, L., Bonivento, C., Girardi, P., Finos, L., Crisanti, C., Balestrieri, M., D’Agostini, S., Stanley, J. A., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111196 · Cited by 22
Sex continuum in the brain and body during adolescence and psychological traits
Vosberg, D. E., Syme, C. A., Parker, N., Richer, L., Pausová, Z., & Paus, T. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-00968-8 · Cited by 20
Lorello, G., Gautam, M., Barned, C., & Peer, M. (2021) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.15360 · Cited by 18
“There are well-known sex- and genderrelated differences in stress responses [21, 22] and vulnerability to stress-related mental health disorders [23– 25] as well as differences in symptomatic expression of the same mental health problem [15, 26].”
BackgroundCigarán‐Méndez, M., Jiménez‐Antona, C., Parás‐Bravo, P., Fuensalida‐Novo, S., Rodríguez‐Jiménez, J., & Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C. (2019) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12775 · Cited by 21
“factors may underlie gender differences on the presence of mood disorders, for example, anxiety, and its association with pain.(47) The current study also observed lower PPTs in”
ResultSocial support and social isolation in adults with cystic fibrosis: An integrative review
Gulledge, A., Miller, S., & Mueller, M. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110607 · Cited by 21
Sex-related differences in violence exposure, neural reactivity to threat, and mental health
Dark, H. E., Harnett, N. G., Hurst, D. R., Wheelock, M. D., Wood, K. H., Goodman, A. M., Mrug, S., Elliott, M. N., Emery, S. T., Schuster, M. A., et al. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01430-1 · Cited by 21
“Finally, these differences may underlie the higher rates of anxiety and depression observed among women in prior studies [11, 28, 29].”
BackgroundMuscat, S. M., Butler, M. J., Mackey-Alfonso, S. E., & Barrientos, R. M. (2023) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.03.001 · Cited by 23
“, 2017), our study joins an extensive literature documenting sex-specific vulnerability to myriad of amygdala-related dysfunction in both young adult and aged females (Altemus et al., 2014; Dong et al., 2022; Geary et al., 2021; Guilloux et al., 2011; Ossewaarde et al., 2010; Woodward and Coutellier, 2021; Zeng et al.…”
Evaluation of antibiotic-induced behavioral changes in mice
Kwon, H., Mohammed, A. E., Eltom, K. H., Albrahim, J. S., & Alburae, N. A. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113015 · Cited by 21
Torppa, M., Aro, T. I., Eklund, K., Parrila, R., Eloranta, A., & Ahonen, T. P. S. (2023) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-023-10461-z · Cited by 26
“In addition, females report emotional well-being problems, such as anxiety and depression (Altemus et al., 2014 ; Bruce et al., 2005 ; McLean et al., 2011), as well as internalising problems (Sterba et al., 2007), more often than males.”
Pandey, A., Adhikari, B., Bista, B., Lamichhane, B., Joshi, D., C, S. P. K., Sharma, S., & Baral, S. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078582 · Cited by 20
Redei, E. E., Ciolino, J. D., Wert, S. L., Yang, A., Kim, S., Clark, C. T., Zumpf, K. B., & Wisner, K. L. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01188-4 · Cited by 20
Sex-related patterns of the gut-microbiota-brain axis in the neuropsychiatric conditions
Manosso, L. M., Lin, J. H. X., Carlessi, A. S., Recco, K. C. C., Quevedo, J., Gonçalves, C. L., & Réus, G. Z. (2021) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.001 · Cited by 23
Xu, L., Cheng, P., Wanhong, Z., Shengmei, X., Li, L., Li, Z., Wang, X., & Li, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.704010 · Cited by 26
Dawson, G. C., Adrian, M. C., Chu, P. V., McCauley, E., & Stoep, A. V. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2021.2019049 · Cited by 20
Estrogen, the Peripheral Immune System and Major Depression – A Reproductive Lifespan Perspective
Engler-Chiurazzi, E. B., Chastain, W. H., Citron, K. K., Lambert, L. E., Kikkeri, D. N., & Shrestha, S. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.850623 · Cited by 21
Sharma, R., Sc, S., Chalise, P., Regmee, J., & Sharma, S. (2022) · Journal of Nepal Medical Association · doi:10.31729/jnma.7608 · Cited by 20
Tang, T., Li, Z., Lü, X., & Du, J. (2022) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2105394 · Cited by 21
Fréchette‐Simard, C., Plante, I., Duchesne, S., & Chaffee, K. E. (2022) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.102116 · Cited by 23
Premenstrual disorders and gender differences in adolescent mental health
Li, Y., Jiang, J., Halldorsdottir, T., Zhu, H., Bertone‐Johnson, E. R., Valdimarsdóttir, U. A., Zhou, X., Zhang, W., & Lu, D. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.009 · Cited by 24
Donovan, A., Assari, S., Grella, C. E., Shaheen, M. A., Richter, L., & Friedman, T. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101121 · Cited by 21
“As adolescence and puberty begin, sex and gender differences start to emerge (Altemus et al., 2014).”
Myran, D. T., Harrison, L. D., Pugliese, M., Tanuseputro, P., Gaudreault, A., Fiedorowicz, J. G., & Solmi, M. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102455 · Cited by 27
Assessment of optimal combinations of therapeutic probiotics for depression, anxiety, and stress
Yang, Y., Yang, L., Wan, M., Pan, D., Sun, G., & Yang, C. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724000679 · Cited by 20
“Second, to the best of our knowledge, anxiety and depression are more common in women than in men (Altemus, Sarvaiya, & Neill Epperson, 2014; Kessler et al., 2012).”
Hulle, C. A. V., Moore, M. N., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., Goldsmith, H. H., & Brooker, R. J. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000311 · Cited by 22
Zhornitsky, S., Le, T. M., Dhingra, I., Adkinson, B. D., Potvin, S., & Li, C.-S. R. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12621 · Cited by 20
Neural connectivity biotypes: associations with internalizing problems throughout adolescence
Chahal, R., Weissman, D. G., Hallquist, M. N., Robins, R. W., Hastings, P. D., & Guyer, A. E. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172000149x · Cited by 20
“In exploratory analyses, we examined sex differences, building on a large literature documenting elevated internalizing problems in girls relative to boys during this period (Altemus et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSex hormone levels in females of different ages suffering from depression
Lei, R., Sun, Y., Liao, J., Yuan, Y., Sun, L., Liu, Y., Yang, X., Ma, W., & Yu, Z. (2021) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01350-0 · Cited by 20
“These women experience typical changes of reproductive hormone and suboptimal responses of the central nervous system, leading to negative effects and incommensurate behaviors [10].”
BackgroundEEG Evidence of Acute Stress Enhancing Inhibition Control by Increasing Attention
Yan, B., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Wu, D., Sun, K., & Xiao, W. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14101013 · Cited by 20
Reward processing and drug addiction: does sex matter?
Fattore, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00329 · Cited by 22
Brady, L. J., Hofford, R. S., Tat, J., Calipari, E. S., & Kiraly, D. D. (2019) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00309 · Cited by 19
Geary, C. G., Wilk, V. C., Barton, K. L., Jefferson, P. O., Binder, T., Bhutani, V., Baker, C. L., Fernando‐Peiris, A. J., Mousley, A., Rozental, S. F. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24848 · Cited by 20
“Considering that women are more likely to be diagnosed with a trauma or anxietyrelated disorder than men (Altemus et al., 2014), the study of sex differences in aversive conditioning and anxiety- related behaviors may have important implications for psychiatric care.”
BackgroundChronic intranasal oxytocin reverses stress-induced social avoidance in female prairie voles
Hale, L. H., Tickerhoof, M. C., & Smith, A. S. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108770 · Cited by 19
Smith, A. R., Jones, E., Subar, A. R., Quyen, B., Kircanski, K., Leibenluft, E., Brotman, M. A., Pine, D. S., & Silk, J. S. (2022) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12084 · Cited by 17
“…focused on identifying potential mechanisms underlying gender differences in anxiety diagnoses, outlining many potential biological, psychological, and environmental factors that may account for stark differences in anxiety diagnoses (Altemus et al., 2014; Bangasser & Cuarenta, 2021; Craske, 2003).”
BackgroundTeachers at risk: Depressive symptoms, emotional intelligence, and burnout during COVID-19
Pujalte, L. S., Yepes, T. G., Etchezahar, E. D., & Mateu, D. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1092839 · Cited by 33
“These results are consistent with previous studies showing a higher incidence of depressive disorders in women than in men (74).”
ResultSmith, R. S., Lavalley, C. A., Taylor, S., Stewart, J. L., Khalsa, S. S., Berg, H. E., Ironside, M., Paulus, M. P., & Aupperle, R. L. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.220226 · Cited by 19
Mental health across two years of the COVID-19 pandemic: a 5-wave longitudinal study in Germany
Weber, M., Burchert, S., Sijbrandij, M., Patanè, M., Pinucci, I., Renneberg, B., Knaevelsrud, C., & Schumacher, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1229700 · Cited by 25
“org The results are thus not representative of the general German population, which should be considered when interpreting the results (65).”
ResultZhu, Y., Xie, S., Peng, A.-B., Yu, X., Li, C., Fu, J., Shen, C.-J., Cao, S.-X., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.08.022 · Cited by 19
Ryherd, G. L., Bunce, A. L., Edwards, H. A., Baumgartner, N. E., & Lucas, E. K. (2023) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105439 · Cited by 19
Blay, S. L., Fillenbaum, G. G., Mello, M. F., Quintana, M. I., Mari, J. D. J., Bressan, R. A., & Andreoli, S. B. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.023 · Cited by 22
Sex-specific effects of gain-of-function P2RX7 variation on bipolar disorder
Winham, S. J., Bobo, W. V., Liu, J., Coombes, B. J., Backlund, L., Frye, M. A., Biernacka, J. M., Schalling, M., & Lavebratt, C. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.007 · Cited by 19
Chalian, H., Khoshpouri, P., & Assari, S. (2018) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina54060097 · Cited by 19
“The same pattern of worries are shown in a wide range of health domains [41] and holds for sub-clinical and clinical levels of anxiety, fear, and worries [42,43].”
BackgroundSexual Dimorphism in Energy Metabolism of Wistar Rats Using Data Analysis
Leškaničová, A., Chovancova, O., Babinčák, M., Verbóová, Ľ., Benetinová, Z., Maceková, D., Kostolný, J., Šmajda, B., & Kisková, T. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25102353 · Cited by 20
“Because plenty of sex differences are primarily in the structure, function, and stress responsivity of the brain, as well as the differences in exposure to reproductive hormones, social expectations, and experiences, the challenge is to understand which sex differences are relevant to affect illnesses [9].”
BackgroundShang, X., Peng, W., Hill, E., Szoeke, C. E. I., He, M., & Zhang, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00404 · Cited by 19
“Men were more incidental in CVD, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes than women (24, 25), and these conditions were more likely to be clustered with other conditions (26), resulting in a higher incidence of two or more conditions in men.”
BackgroundSze, Y., & Brunton, P. J. (2020) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12916 · Cited by 18
A comparison of task-based mental fatigue between healthy males and females
Jaydarifard, S., & Lavender, A. P. (2018) · Fatigue Biomedicine Health & Behavior · doi:10.1080/21641846.2019.1562582 · Cited by 18
Gacek, M., & Krzywoszański, Ł. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.576867 · Cited by 18
“The possible explanations why the boys presented less symptoms in our study may concern social expectations regarding the male role in society, which may lead to underreporting of emotional problems (12), or variety of biological factors (10).”
BackgroundHou, L., Long, F., Meng, Y., Cheng, X., Zhang, W., & Zhou, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.575684 · Cited by 19
“They are also consistent with the overall findings of higher rate of depression and anxiety in women (Altemus, 2006; Altemus et al., 2014) and higher rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic events in women (Breslau, 2009; Luxton et al.”
ResultLian, Y., Xiang, J., Wang, X., Kaminga, A. C., Chen, W., Lai, Z., Dai, W., & Yang, J. (2021) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-021-09921-y · Cited by 18
Muñoz‐Violant, S., Violant, V., Jiménez, G. G., Anguera, M. T., & Rodríguez, M. J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03749-z · Cited by 19
Tsou, M.-T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.831075 · Cited by 19
“Second, mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression can also cause insomnia (22) and are more common in women than in men (23, 24).”
BackgroundHou, F., Han, X., Wang, Q., Zhou, S., Zhang, J., Shen, G., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19105819 · Cited by 18
Patient-Reported Outcomes After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair
Kovacs, A. H., Lebovic, G., Raptis, S., Blais, S., Caldarone, C. A., Dahdah, N., Dallaire, F., Drolet, C., Grewal, J., Friesen, C. L. H., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.385 · Cited by 18
Dandi, Ε., Spandou, E., Dalla, C., & Tata, D. Α. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16089 · Cited by 22
“Despite the fundamental behavioral and hormonal differences observed between genders and the risk of mental disorders to be more prevalent in women than men (Altemus et al., 2014; Balta et al., 2019), relatively few pre-clinical studies have included both sexes for direct comparison.”
BackgroundEarly life adversity ablates sex differences in active versus passive threat responding in mice
Nieves, G. M., Bravo, M., & Bath, K. (2023) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2023.2244598 · Cited by 16
“Further, significant sex differences have been reported in symptom presentation and risk for comorbid and subclinical pathology (altemus et al., 2014; Breslau et al., 1997; hankin, 2009; Maeng & Milad, 2015; Nolen-hoeksema et al., 1999). the mechanism supporting sex disparities in risk and symptom…”
BackgroundIs Mental Health Worse in Medical Students than in the General Population? A Cross-Sectional Study
Stirparò, G., Pireddu, R., D’Angelo, M., Bottignole, D., Mazzoli, R., & Gambolò, L. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60060863 · Cited by 18
“This finding aligns with previous research indicating higher prevalence rates of anxiety disorders among females [30,31].”
ResultCampbell, A. C., Coombes, C., David, R., Opre, A. N., Grayson, L., & Muncer, S. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.049 · Cited by 20
Prepubertal gonadectomy reveals sex differences in approach-avoidance behavior in adult mice
Delevich, K. M., Hall, C. D., Boivin, J. R., Piekarski, D. J., Zhang, Y., & Wilbrecht, L. (2019) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104641 · Cited by 18
Meng, F., Liu, J., Dai, J., Lian, H., Jiang, S., Li, Q., Wu, M., Wang, W., Wang, D., Zhao, D., et al. (2021) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02340-x · Cited by 18
Borçoi, A. R., Mendes, S. O., Moreno, I. A. A., dos Santos, J. G., Freitas, F. V., Pinheiro, J. A., de Oliveira, M. M., Barbosa, W. M., Arpini, J. K., Archanjo, A. B., et al. (2021) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2021.1923692 · Cited by 19
“…3.4 times more prone to have depressive symptoms than men, a well-known fact in mental illness epidemiology (Borçoi et al., 2020; Conti et al., 2020; Labonte et al., 2012; Sonnenberg et al., 2013) explained by hormonal, genetic, molecular, and psychosocial factors (Altemus et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialShared genetic influences on depression and menopause symptoms
Meijsen, J. J., Shen, H., Vemuri, M., Rasgon, N., Koenen, K. C., & Duncan, L. E. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004037 · Cited by 19
Balta, G., Dalla, C., & Kokras, N. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_11 · Cited by 18
Adaptive function and correlates of anxiety during a pandemic
Salali, G. D., Uysal, M. S., & Bevan, A. (2021) · Evolution, Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoab037 · Cited by 18
“This result is consistent with previous studies showing that women experience anxiety more and are twice more likely to develop anxiety disorders over their lifetime than men [42].”
ResultWorkplace stressors and mental health outcomes among personal support workers: A systematic review
Chireh, B., Essien, S. K., Swerhun, K., D’Arcy, C., & Acharibasam, J. W. (2025) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.105093 · Cited by 28
Relationships of social isolation and loneliness with healthy aging among older adults
Miao, M.-Y., Fang, F., Lyu, J., Liu, Z.-Y., Wan, Z., Qin, L.-Q., Chen, G.-C., & Wang, H.-P. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-05941-6 · Cited by 20
“Certain chronic diseases are more commonly present in older women compared to men, such as dementia, hip fracture, and depression [37, 38].”
Age‐related changes in cognitive biases during adolescence
Slavny‐Cross, R., Sebastian, C. L., & Pote, H. L. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.04.007 · Cited by 26
Psychiatric disorders among hospitalized patients deceased with COVID-19 in Italy
Lega, I., Nisticò, L., Palmieri, L., Caroppo, E., Noce, C. L., Donfrancesco, C., Vanacore, N., Scattoni, M. L., Picardi, A., Gigantesco, A., et al. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100854 · Cited by 17
“Second, in accordance with the evidence that female sex is the most consistent risk factor for depression and many anxiety disorders [19], women were The prevalence of speci fi c non-psychiatric comorbidities among patients with a severe psychiatric diagnosis in our study, was higher compared to…”
Anderson, J. F. I., & Jordan, A. S. (2021) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2021.1993274 · Cited by 19
“…psychological distress, as it has been shown that this is associated with PCS reporting (Anderson & Fitzgerald, 2020), self-reported sleep disturbance and fatigue (Schiehser et al., 2017; Wickwire et al., 2018); mood and anxiety symptoms are also higher in females than males (Altemus et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultCalhoun, C. A., Lattouf, C., Lewis, V., Barrientos, H., & Donaldson, S. T. (2022) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114202 · Cited by 17
Noroña-Zhou, A. N., Coccia, M., Sullivan, A., O’Connor, T. G., Collett, B. R., Derefinko, K. J., Renner, L. M., Loftus, C. T., Roubinov, D. S., Carroll, K. N., et al. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-01002-3 · Cited by 17
Vakani, K., Ratto, M., Sandford-James, A., Antonova, E., & Kumari, V. (2023) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.25 · Cited by 18
“sample had a wider age range of younger adults (18-69) compared to Douaud et al.”
ResultFraming Subjective Emotion Reports as Dynamic Affective Decisions
Teoh, Y. Y., Cunningham, W. A., & Hutcherson, C. A. C. (2023) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-023-00197-y · Cited by 23
“Do women have stronger physiological responses to negative stimuli than men or simply weight equivalent responses more heavily? Alternatively or in addition, do women recruit a different set of appraisals as evidence for these self-reports? Answers to these questions may help us better understand consequential gender…”
BackgroundDevelopment of Organs-on-Chips and Their Impact on Precision Medicine and Advanced System Simulation
Luo, Y., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Zhong, W., Xing, M. M. Q., & Lyu, G. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15082094 · Cited by 17
“Males are more biased towards autism spectrum disorders [52], while females are biased towards depression and anxiety disorders [53].”
BackgroundInserra, A., Piot, A., Gregorio, D. D., & Gobbi, G. (2023) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-023-01008-5 · Cited by 19
“This highlights an important research gap that remains a crucial area of research development, given that anxiety is more common in females [17, 18], and that sex and gender [19–22] differences exist in the perception of, and response to, psychedelics.”
BackgroundWang, M., Lou, Z., Hou, Y., Song, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, Y., Ruan, L., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2024.116059 · Cited by 17
Evolutionary and biomedical implications of sex differences in the primate brain transcriptome
DeCasien, A. R., Chiou, K. L., Testard, C., Mercer, A., Valle, J. E. N.-D., Bauman, S. E., González, O., Stock, M. K., Ruiz-Lambides, A. V., Martínez, M. I., et al. (2024) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100589 · Cited by 17
“For example, depression (1), anxiety (2) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (3) are more prevalent”
Petit, E., Michalak, Z., Cox, R. F., O’Tuathaigh, C. M. P., Clarke, N. E., Tighe, O., Talbot, K., Blake, D. J., Joel, J., Shaw, A., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.282 · Cited by 17
“Anxiety is a prominent comorbid psychopathology in schizophrenia, more commonly than in the general population, where it is more evident in females than in males (Braga et al, 2013; Pallanti et al, 2013; Altemus et al, 2014).”
Hernández, A., & Fernández‐Guasti, A. (2018) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2018.05.017 · Cited by 17
“In clinics, women present higher levels of depression compared with men (Altemus et al., 2014; Bangasser and Valentino, 2014; Sramek et al., 2016) and homosexual men show high levels of all mood disorders including major depression, dysthymia and depressive symptoms, as compared with heterosexuals (Meyer, 2003).”
Ballanger, B., Bath, K. G., & Mandairon, N. (2019) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.06.007 · Cited by 23
Shirazi, T. N., Self, H., Cantor, J. M., Dawood, K., Cárdenas, R. A., Rosenfield, K. A., Ortiz, T. L., Carré, J. M., McDaniel, M. A., Blanchard, R., et al. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104712 · Cited by 17
“For example, depression and anxiety disorders are twice as common in women as in men (reviewed in Altemus et al., 2014), while substance abuse and risk-taking behaviors are higher in men (Becker and Hu, 2008; Byrnes et al., 1999), and these sex differences emerge at puberty.”
BackgroundSilva, A. C. P. E., dos Santos, M. J., Gitaí, D. L. G., Coelho, J. A. P. D. M., & de Andrade, T. G. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.138 · Cited by 18
Trujillo, V., Valentim‐Lima, E., Mencalha, R., Carbalan, Q. S. R., Dos‐Santos, R. C., Felintro, V., Girardi, C. E. N., Rorato, R. C., Lustrino, D., Reis, L. C., et al. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-02181-0 · Cited by 17
Peltier, M. R., Verplaetse, T. L., Mineur, Y. S., Gueorguieva, R. V., Petrakis, I. L., Cosgrove, K., Picciotto, M. R., & McKee, S. A. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108499 · Cited by 21
“Sex differences in depression, anxiety and PTSD begin to emerge in adolescence, and continue at high rates in women as compared to men until postmenopause (Altemus et al., 2014; Marcus et al., 2005).”
BackgroundZhang, X., Zhang, J., Li, M., Yuan, Y.-P., & Sun, J. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000026898 · Cited by 17
“The main reason for this may be related to the changes in female hormone levels.([12]) In female, reproductive hormones have greater mobility throughout the life cycle, increased sensitivity to catecholamines, and enhanced the consolidation of emotional memory.”
BackgroundYassin, A., Al-Mistarehi, A.-H. W., El‐Salem, K., Karasneh, R. A., Al-Azzam, S. I., Qarqash, A., Khasawneh, A. G., Alaabdin, A. M. Z., & Soudah, O. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052615 · Cited by 17
“This stress includes the added role of female HCWs in caring for their homes and children in addition to their work responsibilities, the higher worry women have about their health and the health of their families, and their higher sensitivity towards a new health crisis [4,49,50].”
BackgroundLaRowe, L. R., Chilcott, L. N., Zvolensky, M. J., Vanable, P. A., Flood, K., & Ditre, J. W. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1464028 · Cited by 17
“A second possible explanation can be derived from research showing that associations between anxiety and externalizing behaviors (e.g., substance use) tend to be stronger among males, relative to females (e.g., Altemus et al., 2014; Marmorstein, 2007).”
BackgroundDiverse ancestral brainstem noradrenergic neuron activity across species and biological factorsPreprint
Kelberman, M. A., Rodberg, E. M., Munn, B. R., Arabzadeh, E., Bair-Marshall, C. J., Berridge, C. W., Berrocoso, E., Breton‐Provencher, V., Chandler, D. J., Che, A., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618224 · Cited by 23
Women in space: A review of known physiological adaptations and health perspectives
Hughes‐Fulford, M., Carroll, D. J., Allaway, H. C. M., Dunbar, B. J., & Sawyer, A. (2024) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep091527 · Cited by 19
“Among women, depressive episodes often follow familial or other interpersonal relationship stressors, whereas in men, episodes are more often triggered by financial or work-related concerns (Altemus et al., 2014).”
McDermott, T. J., Berg, H. E., Touthang, J., Akeman, E., Cannon, M. J., Santiago, J., Cosgrove, K. T., Clausen, A. N., Kirlić, N., Smith, R. S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.220083 · Cited by 16
Locus coeruleus catecholamines link neuroticism and vulnerability to tau pathology in aging
Parent, J. H., Ciampa, C. J., Harrison, T. M., Adams, J. N., Zhuang, K., Betts, M. J., Maaß, A., Winer, J. R., Jagust, W. J., & Berry, A. S. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119658 · Cited by 20
“Women are uniquely vulnerable to both mood disorders and AD (Altemus et al., 2014; Laws et al., 2018), which makes the LC-catecholamine system’s role in affective function and AD risk a promising target for future research.”
Kouba, B. R., Torrá, A. C. N. C., Camargo, A., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2022) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-022-01115-0 · Cited by 16
“Interestingly, although sex-specific differences have been reported to affect vitamin D metabolism and actions (Wierzbicka and Oczkowicz 2022) as well as the development of MDD episodes (Altemus et al. 2014; Kuehner 2017), our data uncovered that vitamin D3 caused a similar time-dependent antidepressant-like effect in…”
BackgroundClinical correlates of state and trait anxiety in multiple sclerosis
Menculini, G., Gentili, L., Gaetani, L., Mancini, A., Sperandei, S., Sabatino, E. D., Chipi, E., Salvadori, N., Tortorella, A. A. V., Parnetti, L., et al. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.104431 · Cited by 18
Stepanous, J., Munford, L. A., Qualter, P., Banaschewski, T., Nees, F., & Elliott, R. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280062 · Cited by 17
“This is further determined by sex differences in brain development [8, 9], family support [10, 11], sensitivity to peer problems [12], and anxiety and depression symptoms [13] resulting in different pathways to mental health risk and resilience according to sex.”
BackgroundZhang, Y.-D., Shi, D., Zhang, S., & Wang, Z. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.220147 · Cited by 17
Li, W., Lai, W., Guo, L., Wang, W., Li, X., Zhu, L., Shi, J., Teopiz, K. M., McIntyre, R. S., & Lu, C. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04654-7 · Cited by 16
“Observed sex differences in persons affected by depressive symptoms may be attributed to biological variances or social expectations and experiences [34].”
BackgroundRelationship between adult attachment and cognitive emotional regulation style in women and men
Delgado, B., Amor, P. J., Domínguez-Sánchez, F., & Holgado-Tello, F. P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35250-0 · Cited by 13
Grand, J., Fuglsbjerg, C., Borregaard, B., Wagner, M. K., Kragh, A. R., Bekker‐Jensen, D., Mikkelsen, A. D., Møller, J. E., Glud, H., Hassager, C., et al. (2023) · European Heart Journal Acute Cardiovascular Care · doi:10.1093/ehjacc/zuad093 · Cited by 19
Adenylyl cyclase 7 and neuropsychiatric disorders: A new target for depression?
Price, T., & Brust, T. F. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.015 · Cited by 18
“Additionally, in rodents there are also sex differences in the regulation of the HPA axis [91].”
BackgroundPhilpott, C., Donovan, B., Belton, S., Lester, D., Duncan, M. J., Chambers, F. C., & O’Brien, W. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176361 · Cited by 16
Faleschini, S., Aubuchon, O., Champeau, L., & Matte‐Gagné, C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.016 · Cited by 17
Sex differences in specific aspects of two animal tests of anxiety-like behavior
Sergio, T. D. O., Wetherill, L. F., Kwok, C., Khoyloo, F., & Hopf, F. W. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05893-w · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Altemus, M., Sarvaiya, N., & Neill Epperson, C.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Northwell Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Altemus, Margaret
- ORCID
- Altemus, Margaret
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 320-330
- ISSN
- 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4890708
- OpenAlex
- W2049163404
- Cited by
- 1,413
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 174 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 194 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 5.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health and NIH Office of Research on Women’s Health (P50 MH099910)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24 DA03031)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sex differences, anxiety disorders, depression, mood disorders, reproductive hormones, reproductive events, stress responsivity, social expectations
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Humans, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
