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Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives
Open accessAbstract
Sex differences are prominent in mood and anxiety disorders and may provide a window into mechanisms of onset and maintenance of affective disturbances in both men and women. With the plethora of sex differences in brain structure, function, and stress responsivity, as well as differences in exposure to reproductive hormones, social expectations and experiences, the challenge is to understand which sex differences are relevant to affective illness. This review will focus on clinical aspects of sex differences in affective disorders including the emergence of sex differences across developmental stages and the impact of reproductive events. Biological, cultural, and experiential factors that may underlie sex differences in the phenomenology of mood and anxiety disorders are discussed.
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“This result is consistent with previous studies showing that women experience anxiety more and are twice more likely to develop anxiety disorders over their lifetime than men [42].”
From Adaptive function and correlates of anxiety during a pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
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“with women at an increased risk (96, 97)”
From Higher Circulating Cortisol in the Follicular vs. Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle: A Meta-Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [96]
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“Other studies do not distinguish between gender and sex differences, 23 which may lead to ambiguity in the analysis.”
From Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Notably, IDs are highly comorbid [17–19] with females [20–23] and young people (i.e. <65 years) [8, 10, 17–19, 22, 24–29] disproportionately affected.”
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“These findings are consistent with previous studies that females have shown higher rates of depressive symptoms (Kandel and Davies, 1982), generalized anxiety disorder (Altemus et al., 2014; Kessler et al., 1994), and suicidal ideation (Borges et al., 2006; Crosby et al., 1999).”
From Time in treatment: Examining mental illness trajectories across inpatient psychiatric treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Altemus et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“and surprising given that women are more susceptible to anxiety and depressive disorders than men (53).”
From Perineuronal nets, inhibitory interneurons and anxiety-related ventral hippocampal neuronal oscillations are altered by early life adversity (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
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“However, sex differences extend beyond prevalence, including symptom manifestation (Maeng & Milad, 2015) and severity (Altemus et al., 2014).”
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Maternal diet disrupts the placenta-brain axis in a sex-specific mannerPreprint
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“[2].”
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“Women report higher numbers of depressive symptoms than men (Altemus et al., 2014).”
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Physiological Responses to Organizational Stressors Among Police Managers
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“Our findings of higher self-reported anxiety in female participants compared to males is supported by previous empirical literature (Altemus et al. 2014; Donner & Lowry, 2013; Gater et al., 1998; Ranta et al., 2023).”
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“…differences exist in pathological conditions including anxiety and depression, with females being more than twice as likely to develop the disease as males (27), which may be related to differences in various aspects such as brain structure and function, sex hormones, and social expectations (28).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Altemus, M., Sarvaiya, N., & Neill Epperson, C.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Northwell Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Altemus, Margaret
- ORCID
- Altemus, Margaret
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 320-330
- ISSN
- 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4890708
- OpenAlex
- W2049163404
- Cited by
- 1,413
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 174 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 194 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 5.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health and NIH Office of Research on Women’s Health (P50 MH099910)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24 DA03031)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sex differences, anxiety disorders, depression, mood disorders, reproductive hormones, reproductive events, stress responsivity, social expectations
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Humans, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Psychological
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