CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 553Animal Behavior and Welfare StudiesWildlife Ecology and ConservationStress Responses and Cortisol

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Use of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite measures in conservation biology research: considerations for application and interpretation

Millspaugh, Joshua J., Washburn, Brian E.·2004·General and Comparative Endocrinology
DOI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.07.002
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite analyses are increasingly being used by a variety of scientists (e.g., conservation biologists, animal scientists) to examine glucocorticoid (i.e., stress hormone) secretion in domestic and wild vertebrates. Adrenocortical activity (i.e., stress response) is of interest to conservation biologists because stress can alter animal behavior, reduce resistance to disease, and affect population performance. The noninvasiveness of fecal-based assessments is attractive, particularly when studying endangered species, because samples can often be obtained without disturbing the animal. Despite such advantages, many confounding factors inhibit the utility of this technique in addressing conservation problems. In particular, interpretation of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) measures may be confounded by the length of time animals are held in captivity, normal seasonal and daily rhythms, body condition, sample storage and treatment techniques, diet of the animal, assay selection, animal status (i.e., social ranking, reproductive status), sample age and condition, and sample mass. Further complicating interpretation and utility of these measures is the apparent species-specific response to these factors. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the factors that confound interpretation of FGM measures, summarize research that addresses these issues, and offer an agenda for future research and interpretation. We urge conservation biologists to carefully c…

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.07.002

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 0 references

Research works printed but not linked: 94

  1. Astheimer, 1992, Interactions of corticosterone with feeding, activity and metabolism in passerine birds, Ornis Scandinavia, 23, 355, 10.2307/3676661 · DOI
  2. Bahr, 2000, Comparative aspects of the metabolism and excretion of cortisol in three individual nonhuman primates, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 117, 427, 10.1006/gcen.1999.7431 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Barnett, 1991, Effects of design of individual cage-stalls on the behavior and physiological responses related to the welfare of pregnant pigs, Applied Animal Behavior Science, 32, 23, 10.1016/S0168-1591(05)80160-1 · DOI
  4. Bercovitz, 1978, A new method of sex determination in monomorphic birds, Journal of Zoo and Animal Medicine, 9, 114, 10.2307/20094391 · DOI
  5. Berkeley, 1997, Serum and fecal steroid analysis of ovulation, pregnancy, and parturition in the black rhinocerus (Diceros bicornis), Zoo Biology, 16, 121, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:2<121::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-C · DOI
  6. Bokkenheuser, 1980, Biotransformation of steroid hormones by gut bacteria, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33, 2502, 10.1093/ajcn/33.11.2502 · DOI
  7. Breuner, 1999, Diel rhythms of basal and stress-induced corticosterone in a wild, seasonal vertebrate, Gambel’s white-crowned sparrow, Journal of Experimental Zoology, 284, 334, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990801)284:3<334::AID-JEZ11>3.0.CO;2-# · DOI
  8. Brown, 1994, Comparative aspects of steroid hormone metabolism and ovarian activity in felids, measured noninvasively in feces, Biology of Reproduction, 51, 776, 10.1095/biolreprod51.4.776 · DOI
  9. Craig, 1985, Corticosteroid levels in white leghorn hens as affected by handling, laying house environment, and genetic stock, Poultry Science, 64, 809, 10.3382/ps.0640809 · DOI
  10. Creel, 2002, Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk, Conservation Biology, 16, 809, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00554.x · DOI
  11. Dawson, 1983, Plasma corticosterone in wild starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) immediately following capture and in relation to body weight during the annual cycle, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 51, 303, 10.1016/0016-6480(83)90085-0 · DOI
  12. Dehnhard, 2003, Measurement of plasma corticosterone and fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in the chicken (Gallus domesticus), the great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), and the goshawk (Accipiter gentiles), General and Comparative Endocrinology, 131, 345, 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00033-9 · DOI
  13. Dehnhard, 2001, Noninvasive monitoring of adrenocortical activity in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) by measurement of fecal cortisol metabolites, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 123, 111, 10.1006/gcen.2001.7656 · DOI
  14. Dufty, 1997, Corticosterone and the stress response in young western screech-owls: effects of captivity, gender, and activity period, Physiological Zoology, 70, 143, 10.1086/639564 · DOI
  15. Ewing, S.A., Lay Jr., D.C., von Borell, E., 1999. Farm Animal Well-being, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA
  16. Foley, 2001, Noninvasive stress and reproductive measures of social and ecological pressures in free-ranging African elephants, Conservation Biology, 15, 1134, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.0150041134.x · DOI
  17. Ganswindt, 2003, Non-invasive assessment of adrenocortical function in the male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and its relation to musth, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 134, 156, 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00251-X · DOI
  18. Goldin, 1981, Effect of diet on excretion of estrogen and pre- and post-menopausal woman, Cancer Research, 41, 3771
  19. Goldin, 1982, Estrogen excretion patterns and plasma levels in vegetarian and omnivorous women, New England Journal of Medicine, 307, 1542, 10.1056/NEJM198212163072502 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Good, 2003, Biochemical and physiological validation of a corticosteroid radioimmunoassay for plasma and fecal samples in oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus), Physiology and Behavior, 80, 405, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2003.09.006 · DOI
  21. Goymann, 1999, Noninvasive fecal monitoring of glucocorticoids in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), General and Comparative Endocrinology, 114, 340, 10.1006/gcen.1999.7268 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Goymann, 2002, Corticosterone metabolites can be measured noninvasively in excreta of European stonechats (Saxicola torquata rubicola), Auk, 119, 1167, 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1167:CMCBMN]2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  23. Graham, 1996, Cortisol metabolism in the domestic cat and implications for non-invasive monitoring of adrenocortical function in endangered felids, Zoo Biology, 15, 71, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:1<71::AID-ZOO7>3.0.CO;2-9 · DOI
  24. Gregory, 2001, Stress responses and sexing of wild Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 124, 66, 10.1006/gcen.2001.7683 · DOI
  25. Hamilton, 1985, Cortisol and aldosterone comparisons of cottontail rabbits collected by shooting, trapping, falconry, Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 31, 40, 10.7589/0090-3558-21.1.40 · DOI
  26. Harlow, 1990, Seasonal serum glucose, progesterone, and cortisol levels of black bears (Ursus americanus), Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 183, 10.1139/z90-025 · DOI
  27. Harper, 2000, Fecal glucocorticoids: a noninvasive method of measuring adrenal activity in wild and captive rodents, Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 73, 12, 10.1086/316721 · DOI
  28. Harper, 2001, Effect of capture and season on fecal glucocorticoid levels in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi), General and Comparative Endocrinology, 123, 337, 10.1006/gcen.2001.7682 · DOI
  29. Hayssen, 2002, Fecal corticosteroids in agouti and non-agouti deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A—Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 132, 439, 10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00086-7 · DOI
  30. Heath, 1998, Body condition and the adrenal stress response in captive American kestrel juveniles, Physiological Zoology, 71, 67, 10.1086/515888 · DOI
  31. Holberton, 1999, Changes in patterns of corticosterone secretion concurrent with migratory fattening in a neotropical migratory bird, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 116, 49, 10.1006/gcen.1999.7336 · DOI
  32. Hood, 1998, The adrenocortical response to stress in incubating magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), Auk, 115, 76, 10.2307/4089113 · DOI
  33. Huber, 2003, Effects of season, sex, and sample collection on concentrations of fecal cortisol metabolites in red deer (Cervus elaphus), General and Comparative Endocrinology, 130, 48, 10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00535-X · DOI
  34. Hunt, 2004, Validation of a fecal glucocorticoid assay for Stellar sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), Physiology and Behavior, 80, 595, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2003.10.017 · DOI
  35. Joseph, 1973, Daily rhythms of plasma corticosterone in the Common Pigeon, Columba livia, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 20, 326, 10.1016/0016-6480(73)90184-6 · DOI
  36. Jurke, 1997, Fecal corticoid metabolite measurement in the cheetah (Acinonyx jabatus), Zoo Biology, 16, 133, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:2<133::AID-ZOO4>3.0.CO;2-B · DOI
  37. Kenagy, 2000, Seasonal changes in plasma glucocorticosteroids of free-living yellow pine chipmunks: effects of reproduction and capture and handling, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 117, 189, 10.1006/gcen.1999.7397 · DOI
  38. Khan, 2002, A matter of time: evaluating the storage of fecal samples for steroid analysis, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 128, 57, 10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00063-1 · DOI
  39. Kirkpatrick, 1996, An assessment of the reproductive biology of Yellowstone bison (Bison bison) subpopulations using noncapture methods, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 8, 10.1139/z96-002 · DOI
  40. Le Maho, 1992, Stress in birds due to routine handling and how to avoid it, American Journal of Physiology, 263, R775
  41. Ludders, 2001, Fecal corticosterone reflects serum corticosterone in Florida sandhill cranes, Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 37, 646, 10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.646 · DOI
  42. Lynch, 2003, Concentrations of four fecal steroids in wild baboons: short–term storage conditions and consequences for data interpretation, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 132, 264, 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00093-5 · DOI
  43. Marra, 1995, Plasma corticosterone levels in two species of Zonotrichia sparrows under captive and free-living conditions, Wilson Bulletin, 107, 296
  44. Mathies, 2001, Effects of trapping and subsequent short-term confinement stress on plasma corticosterone in the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 124, 106, 10.1006/gcen.2001.7694 · DOI
  45. Matkovics, 1972, In vitro transformation of steroids as a substitute of microbial transformation, Steroids Lipids Research, 3, 1
  46. Merl, 2000, Pain causes increased concentrations of glucocorticoid metabolites in horse feces, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 20, 586, 10.1016/S0737-0806(00)70267-X · DOI
  47. Miller, 1991, Detecting stress responses in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis): reliability of cortisol concentrations in urine and feces, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 15, 10.1139/z91-003 · DOI
  48. Millspaugh, 2001, Using fecal glucocorticoid assays to study the physiological stress response of elk, Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 899
  49. Millspaugh, 2002, Noninvasive techniques for stress assessment in white-tailed deer, Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 899
  50. Millspaugh, 2003, Effects of heat and chemical treatments on fecal glucocorticoid measurements: implications for sample transport, Wildlife Society Bulletin, 31, 399
  51. Millspaugh, 2003, Within-sample variation of fecal glucocorticoid measurements, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 132, 21, 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00061-3 · DOI
  52. Monfort, 1993, Monitoring reproduction in captive moose using urinary and fecal steroid metabolites, Journal of Wildlife Management, 57, 400, 10.2307/3809440 · DOI
  53. Moore, 2001, Environmental and seasonal adaptations of the adrenocortical and gonadal responses to capture stress in two populations of the male garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, Journal of Experimental Zoology, 289, 99, 10.1002/1097-010X(20010201)289:2<99::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z · DOI
  54. Morrow, 2002, Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites as a measure of adrenal activity in dairy cattle, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 126, 229, 10.1006/gcen.2002.7797 · DOI
  55. Möstl, 1999, Measurement of glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in faeces of domestic livestock, Journal of Veterinary Medicine A, 46, 621, 10.1046/j.1439-0442.1999.00256.x · DOI
  56. Munck, 1984, Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions, Endocrine Reviews, 5, 25, 10.1210/edrv-5-1-25 · DOI · Paper page
  57. Möstl, 2002, Measurement of cortisol metabolites in faeces of ruminants, Veterinary Research Communications, 26, 127, 10.1023/A:1014095618125 · DOI
  58. Möstl, 2002, Hormones as indicators of stress, Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 23, 67, 10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00146-7 · DOI · Paper page
  59. Palme, 2000, Transport stress in cattle as reflected by an increase in faecal cortisol metabolite concentrations, Veterinary Record, 146, 108, 10.1136/vr.146.4.108 · DOI
  60. Palme, 1997, Measurement of cortisol metabolites in faeces of sheep as a parameter of cortisol concentration in blood, International Journal of Mammalian Biology, 62, 192
  61. Piersma, 1998, Long-term decreases of corticosterone in captive migrant shorebirds that maintain seasonal mass and moult cycles, Journal of Avian Biology, 29, 97, 10.2307/3677186 · DOI
  62. Raminelli, 2001, Morning and afternoon patters of fecal cortisol excretion among reproductive and non-reproductive male and female common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, Biological Rhythm Research, 32, 159, 10.1076/brhm.32.2.159.1357 · DOI
  63. Romero, 2002, Seasonal changes in plasma glucocorticoid concentrations in free-living vertebrates, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 128, 1, 10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00064-3 · DOI
  64. Romero, 2004, Physiological stress in ecology: lessons from biomedical research, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 249, 10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.008 · DOI
  65. Romero, 1997, Season and migration alters the corticosterone response to capture and handling in an arctic migrant, the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C, 116, 171
  66. Romero, 2000, Daily and seasonal variation in response to stress in captive starlings (Sturnus vulgaris): corticosterone, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 119, 52, 10.1006/gcen.2000.7491 · DOI
  67. Romero, 1998, Changes in pituitary and adrenal sensitivities allow the snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), an arctic–breeding song bird, to modulate corticosterone release seasonally, Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 168, 353, 10.1007/s003600050154 · DOI
  68. Romero, 1998, Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis changes allow seasonal modulation of corticosterone in a bird, American Journal of Physiology, 274, R1338
  69. Romero, 1998, The hypothalamus and adrenal regulate modulation of corticosterone release in redpolls (Carduelis flammea, an arctic-breeding song bird), General and Comparative Endocrinology, 109, 347, 10.1006/gcen.1997.7048 · DOI
  70. Romero, 1998, Seasonal changes in adrenal sensitivity alter corticosterone levels in Gambel’s white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C, 119, 31
  71. Romero, 1999, Alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal function associated with captivity in Gambel’s white–crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 122, 13, 10.1016/S0305-0491(98)10161-X · DOI
  72. Smith, 1994, Adrenocortical response to stress in the common diving petrel, Pelecanoides urinatrix, Physiological Zoology, 67, 526, 10.1086/physzool.67.2.30163862 · DOI
  73. Suedkamp Wells, 2003, Effects of radiotransmitters on fecal glucocorticoid levels in captive dickcissels, Condor, 105, 805, 10.1650/7174 · DOI
  74. Tempel, 2003, Fecal corticosterone levels in California Spotted Owls exposed to low-intensity chainsaw sound, Wildlife Society Bulletin, 31, 698
  75. Tempel, 2004, Factors related to fecal corticosterone levels in California Spotted Owls: implications for assessing chronic stress, Conservation Biology, 18, 538, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00372.x · DOI
  76. Terio, 2002, Comparison of different drying and storage methods on quantifiable concentrations of fecal steroids in the Cheetah, Zoo Biology, 21, 215, 10.1002/zoo.10036 · DOI
  77. Teskey-Gerstl, 2000, Excretion of corticosteroids in urine and faeces of hares, Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 170, 163, 10.1007/s003600050271 · DOI
  78. Touma, 2004, Analyzing corticosterone metabolites in fecal samples of mice: a noninvasive technique to monitor stress hormones, Hormones and Behavior, 45, 10, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.07.002 · DOI
  79. Turner, 2003, Measurement of fecal glucocorticoids in parrotfishes to assess stress, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 133, 341, 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00196-5 · DOI
  80. von der Ohe, 2002, Measuring stress in mammals using fecal glucocorticoids: opportunities and challenges, Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 1215
  81. Washburn, 2002, Effects of simulated environmental conditions on glucocorticoid metabolite measurements in white-tailed deer feces, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 127, 217, 10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00056-4 · DOI
  82. Washburn, 2002, Using a commercially available radioimmunoassay to quantify corticosterone in avian plasma, Condor, 104, 558, 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0558:UACART]2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  83. Washburn, 2003, Using fecal glucocorticoids for stress assessment in mourning doves, Condor, 105, 696, 10.1650/7216 · DOI
  84. Washburn, 2004, Factors related to fecal estrogens and fecal testosterone in California spotted owls, Condor, 106, 567, 10.1650/7355 · DOI
  85. Wasser, 1993, Effects of dietary fibre on faecal steroid measurements in baboons (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus), Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 97, 569, 10.1530/jrf.0.0970569 · DOI
  86. Wasser, 1996, Excretory fate of estradiol and progesterone in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and patterns of fecal steroid concentrations throughout the estrous cycle, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 102, 255, 10.1006/gcen.1996.0067 · DOI
  87. Wasser, 1997, Non-invasive physiological measures of disturbance in the northern spotted owl, Conservation Biology, 11, 1019, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96240.x · DOI
  88. Wasser, 2000, A generalized fecal glucocorticoid assay for use in a diverse array of non-domestic mammalian and avian species, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 120, 260, 10.1006/gcen.2000.7557 · DOI
  89. Whitten, 1998, Recent advances in noninvasive techniques to monitor hormone-behavior interactions, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 41, 1, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(1998)107:27+<1::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-H · DOI
  90. Whittier, 1997, Plasma steroid profiles in nesting loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in Queensland, Australia: relationship to nesting episode and season, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 106, 39, 10.1006/gcen.1996.6848 · DOI
  91. Widmaier, 1994, Further characterization of the pituitary–adrenocortical responses to stress in chiroptera, The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 269, 442, 10.1002/jez.1402690507 · DOI
  92. Wingfield, 1982, Endocrine responses of white-crowned sparrows to environmental stress, Condor, 84, 399, 10.2307/1367443 · DOI
  93. Wingfield, J.C., 1994. Modulation of the adrenocortical response to stress in birds. in: K.G. Davey, R.E. Peter, S.S. Tobe, (Eds.), Perspectives in Comparative Endocrinology National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 520–528
  94. Wingfield, 1994, The adrenocortical responses in snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis) and Lapland longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus) at Barrow, Alaska, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 108, 299

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 474

Metadata

Authors
Millspaugh, J. J., & Washburn, B. E.
Affiliations
  • University of Missouri (US)
  • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (US)
Corresponding author
Millspaugh, Joshua J.
ORCID
Venue
General and Comparative Endocrinology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2004-09
Volume
138
Issue
3
Pages
189-199
ISSN
0016-6480 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.07.002
OpenAlex
W2168394255
Cited by
553
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 31
FWCI
3.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • General and Comparative Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
Funders
University of Missouri
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, stress hormones, glucocorticoid secretion, adrenocortical function, conservation biology, seasonal rhythms, body condition, assay selection, social ranking, reproductive status, threatened species, wildlife disturbance, surrogate species
MeSH terms
Age Factors, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecology, Feces, Female, Glucocorticoids, Male, Reproduction, Seasons, Sex Factors, Specimen Handling, Zoology, Reproducibility of Results, Clinical Laboratory Techniques

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review