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Cited by 270Adrenal Hormones and DisordersStress Responses and CortisolPharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism

Comparative Aspects of the Metabolism and Excretion of Cortisol in Three Individual Nonhuman Primates

Bahr, N.I., Palme, R., Möhle, U., Hodges, J.K., Heistermann, M.·2000·General and Comparative Endocrinology
DOI 10.1006/gcen.1999.7431
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Abstract

A radiometabolism study is described to provide the first comparative data on the time course, route, and characteristics of excreted [3H]cortisol metabolites in three nonhuman primates: the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), the long-tailed macaque (Macacafascicularis), and the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). A low dose (40-100 microCi) of 3H-labeled cortisol was administered intravenously to one adult male of each species and the excreta collected over a 5-day period postinjection. The major proportion of radioactivity was excreted in the urine (>80%). Peak radioactivity in urine was recovered within 5.5 h following injection in all three species, while in the feces peak levels of radioactivity were recovered within 26 h postinjection. In all three species, urinary metabolites were primarily excreted as conjugates (61-87%), whereas the percentage of conjugated metabolites in feces was 50% or less. The number and relative abundance of urinary and fecal [3H]cortisol metabolites were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and immunoreactivity of the radioactivity peaks was assessed by screening HPLC fractions with established cortisol, corticosterone, and 11-oxoetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassays (EIA), the latter being a group-specific assay for measuring 11,17-dioxoandrostanes. HPLC separation of urinary and fecal extracts revealed multiple peaks of radioactivity, several of which were common to all three species. The relative proportion of these peaks, however, differed considerably among species and between urine and feces. HPLC indicated that native cortisol was a major urinary excretory product in the marmoset, while comparatively small amounts were present in the urine of the macaque and chimpanzee. In contrast, in feces, cortisol was only detected in low amounts in the marmoset and was virtually absent in the macaque and chimpanzee. In all three species, one of the major radioactivity peaks showed a retention time comparable to 11-oxoetiocholanolone and high immunoreactivity in the 11-oxoetiocholanolone EIA. The measurement of urinary- and/or fecal-immunoreactive 11,17-dioxoandrostanes is therefore implicated for noninvasive assessment of adrenal function in Old World monkeys, New World monkeys, and great apes.

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Crossref · 10.1006/gcen.1999.7431

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  • Creatinine levels were measured in all urine samples and urinary oxytocin values were expressed as pg/mg creatinine, to control for variation in urine volume and concentration.

    “We measured creatinine levels in all urine samples and expressed urinary oxytocin values as pg/mg creatinine, to control for variation in urine volume and concentration (44).”

    From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [44]

  • To compensate for variation in urine concentration, creatinine levels were measured in each sample and all oxytocin values were expressed as pg mg−1 crea.

    “To compensate for variation in urine concentration, we measured creatinine (crea) levels in each sample [66] and expressed all oxytocin values as pg mg 21 crea.”

    From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [66]

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Authors
Bahr, N. I., Palme, R., Möhle, U., Hodges, J. K., & Heistermann, M.
Affiliations
  • German Primate Center (DE)
  • University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (AT)
Corresponding author
Heistermann, M.
ORCID
Palme, R.
Venue
General and Comparative Endocrinology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2000-03
Volume
117
Issue
3
Pages
427-438
ISSN
0016-6480 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1006/gcen.1999.7431
OpenAlex
W2091531784
Cited by
270
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 16
FWCI
5.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • General and Comparative Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Keywords
cortisol metabolism, cortisol excretion, urinary cortisol, fecal cortisol, corticosterone, non-human primates, Callithrix jacchus, Macaca fascicularis, chimpanzees, species comparison, radiometabolism
MeSH terms
Animals, Callithrix, Pan troglodytes, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Corticosterone, Etiocholanolone, Feces, Hydrocortisone, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Kinetics, Macaca fascicularis, Male, Tritium

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