Cited by 161Stress Responses and CortisolNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

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Serotonin transporter gene variation, infant abuse, and responsiveness to stress in rhesus macaque mothers and infants

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McCormack, K., Newman, T.K., Higley, J.D., Maestripieri, D., Sanchez, M.M.·2009·Hormones and Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.01.009PMC PMC3954512

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Abstract

A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) gene has been associated with variation in anxiety and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in humans and rhesus macaques. Individuals carrying the short allele are at a higher risk for developmental psychopathology, and this risk is magnified in short allele carriers who have experienced early life stress. This study investigated the relationship between 5-HTTLPR allelic variation, infant abuse, and behavioral and hormonal responses to stress in rhesus macaques. Subjects were 10 abusive mothers and their infants, and 10 nonabusive mother-infant pairs. Mothers and infants were genotyped for the rh5-HTTLPR, and studied in the first 6 months of infant life. For mothers and infants, we measured social group behavior, behavioral responses to handling procedures, and plasma concentrations of ACTH and cortisol under basal conditions and in response to stress tests. The proportion of individuals carrying the short rh5-HTTLPR allele was significantly higher among abusive mothers than controls. Among mothers and infants, the short allele was associated with higher basal cortisol levels and greater hormonal stress responses in the infants. In addition, infants who carried the short rh5-HTTLPR allele had higher anxiety scores than infants homozygous for the long allele. The rh5-HTTLPR genotype also interacted with early adverse experience to impact HPA axis function in the infants. These results are consistent with those of previous studies which demonstrate associations between serotonergic activity and anxiety and stress reactivity, and add additional evidence suggesting that genetic variation in serotonergic function may contribute to the occurrence of abusive parenting in rhesus macaques and modulate emotional behavior and HPA axis function.

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Authors: McCormack, K., Newman, T. K., Higley, J. D., Maestripieri, D., & Sanchez, M. M.
Affiliations: Spelman College (US)
University of Cape Town (ZA)
Brigham Young University (US)
Corresponding author: McCormack, K.
ORCID: McCormack, K.
Higley, J.D.
Venue: Hormones and Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-04
Volume: 55
Issue: 4
Pages: 538-547
ISSN: 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.01.009
PMC: PMC3954512
OpenAlex: W2068680756
Cited by: 161
References: 73
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 6.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (MH62577, MH65046, P50MH058922, MH58922, MH63097, K02MH063097, R01MH062577, MH065046, R21MH065046)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (K12-GM 00680, K12GM000680)
National Center for Research Resources (RR-00 165, P51RR000165)
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P20MD000215, MD000215)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: serotonin transporter gene, 5-HTTLPR, infant abuse, abusive parenting, rhesus monkeys, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, ACTH, stress reactivity, anxiety, early life stress, gene-environment interaction
MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Aging, Animals, Anxiety, Female, Hormones, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Macaca mulatta, Maternal Behavior, Maternal Deprivation, Mothers, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Social Behavior, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Genetic Variation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins

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Serotonin transporter gene variation, infant abuse, and responsiveness to stress in rhesus macaque mothers and infants

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