Early adverse experience increases emotional reactivity in juvenile rhesus macaques: Relation to amygdala volume
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This study investigated the impact of infant maltreatment on juvenile rhesus monkeys' behavioral reactivity to novel stimuli and its associations with amygdala volume. Behavioral reactivity to novel stimuli of varying threat intensity was measured using Approach/Avoidance (AA) and Human Intruder (HI) tasks. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure amygdala volume. Interestingly, group behavioral differences were context‐dependent. When exposed to a human intruder, maltreated subjects displayed more anxious behaviors than controls; however, when presented with fear‐evoking objects, maltreated animals exhibited increased aggression and a shorter latency to inspect the objects. Finally, under testing conditions with the lowest levels of threat (neutral novel objects) maltreated animals also showed shorter latencies to inspect objects, and reduced avoidance and increased exploration compared to controls. This suggests alterations in threat assessment and less behavioral inhibition in animals with early adverse experience compared to controls. Some of these behavioral responses were associated with amygdala volume, which was positively correlated with abuse rates received during infancy, particularly reflecting a relationship with exploration, consistent with previous studies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc . Dev Psychobiol 56: 1735–1746, 2014.
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Initial studies suggest ELS decreases hippocampal neuron proliferation, increases turnover of cortical dendritic spines, and increases amygdala volume and reactivity.
“initial studies suggest that ELS decreases hippocampal neuron proliferation [72], increases turnover of cortical dendritic spines [73], and increases amygdala volume [74] and reactivity [44].”
From Trauma, PTSD, and the Developing Brain (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
The Discussion reports heightened, context-dependent emotional responses in juvenile macaques exposed to early abuse. But the citation is attached to “amygdala … reactivity”: the paper measured behavior and amygdala volume, not amygdala activity, so it does not establish increased reactivity of the amygdala itself. The hippocampal, dendritic-spine, and amygdala-volume claims carry other citations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Howell, B. R., Grand, A. P., McCormack, K. M., Shi, Y., LaPrarie, J. L., Maestripieri, D., Styner, M. A., & Sanchez, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Spelman College (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center Emory University Atlanta GA
- Venue
- Developmental Psychobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-09-04
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1735-1746
- ISSN
- 0012-1630 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2302
- PMC
- PMC4433484
- OpenAlex
- W1918921034
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 7.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Psychobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH62577, MH63097, MH065046)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD055255)
- National Center for Research Resources (P51RR165)
- NARSAD (Young Investigator Award (MMS))
- Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (OD P51OD11132)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- infant maltreatment, childhood adversity, emotional reactivity, amygdala volume, rhesus monkeys, approach-avoidance behavior, threat assessment, exploration, aggression, anxiety, behavioral inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Amygdala, Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Exploratory Behavior, Fear, Female, Inhibition, Psychological, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male
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