Sex differences in diurnal rhythms of food intake in mice caused by gonadal hormones and complement of sex chromosomes
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We measured diurnal rhythms of food intake, as well as body weight and composition, while varying three major classes of sex-biasing factors: activational and organizational effects of gonadal hormones, and sex chromosome complement (SCC). Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mice, comprising XX and XY gonadal males and XX and XY gonadal females, were either gonad-intact or gonadectomized (GDX) as adults (2.5months); food intake was measured second-by-second for 7days starting 5weeks later, and body weight and composition were measured for 22weeks thereafter. Gonadal males weighed more than females. GDX increased body weight/fat of gonadal females, but increased body fat and reduced body weight of males. After GDX, XX mice had greater body weight and more fat than XY mice. In gonad-intact mice, males had greater total food intake and more meals than females during the dark phase, but females had more food intake and meals and larger meals than males during the light phase. GDX reduced overall food intake irrespective of gonad type or SCC, and eliminated differences in feeding between groups with different gonads. Diurnal phase of feeding was influenced by all three sex-biasing variables. Gonad-intact females had earlier onset and acrophase (peak) of feeding relative to males. GDX caused a phase-advance of feeding, especially in XX mice, leading to an earlier onset of feeding in GDX XX vs. XY mice, but earlier acrophase in GDX males relative to females. Gonadal hormones and SCC interact in the control of diurnal rhythms of food intake.
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The four core genotypes mouse model has helped identify the influence of sex chromosomes on physical traits, such as obesity and food intake.
“the four core genotypes mouse model which incorporates mice with four different combinations of gonads and sex chromosomes [66, 67], has helped identify the influence of sex chromosomes on physical traits, such as obesity and food intake [68, 69].”
From Integrating Transwomen and Female Athletes with Differences of Sex Development (DSD) into Elite Competition: The FIMS 2021 Consensus Statement (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
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Zagmutt, S., Mera, P., González‐García, I., Ibeas, K., Romero, M. D. M., Obri, A., Martin, B., Esteve‐Codina, A., Soler‐Vázquez, M. C., Bastías-Pérez, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26577737
Zagmutt, S., Mera, P., González‐García, I., Ibeas, K., Romero, M. D. M., Obri, A., Martin, B., Esteve‐Codina, A., Soler‐Vázquez, M. C., Bastías-Pérez, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26577725
Zagmutt, S., Mera, P., González‐García, I., Ibeas, K., Romero, M. D. M., Obri, A., Martin, B., Esteve‐Codina, A., Soler‐Vázquez, M. C., Bastías-Pérez, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26577722
Zagmutt, S., Mera, P., González‐García, I., Ibeas, K., Romero, M. D. M., Obri, A., Martin, B., Esteve‐Codina, A., Soler‐Vázquez, M. C., Bastías-Pérez, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26577728
Gommerman, J. L., Akassoglou, K., Baranzini, S. E., Becher, B., Brilot, F., Castelo‐Branco, G., Dunn, S. E., Faiz, M., Flügel, A., Ghasemlou, N., et al. (2026) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-026-01272-1
- Authors
- Chen, X., Wang, L., Loh, D. H., Colwell, C. S., Taché, Y., Reue, K., & Arnold, A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arnold, Arthur P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 75
- Pages
- 55-63
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4648666
- OpenAlex
- W989035051
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (DK083561, NS043196, DK041301)
- VA Career Scientist Award
- O'Keefe Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- sex differences, diurnal cycle, dietary intake, gonadal hormones, sex chromosome complement, gonadectomy, body weight, body composition, meal patterns
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Composition, Body Weight, Circadian Rhythm, Eating, Female, Genotype, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Sex Characteristics, Sex Chromosomes, Sex Factors, Gonadal Hormones, Mice
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