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Cited by 1,109Adipose Tissue and MetabolismAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesCardiovascular Disease and Adiposity

Sex differences in human adipose tissues – the biology of pear shape

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Karastergiou, Kalypso, Smith, Steven R, Greenberg, Andrew S, Fried, Susan K·2012·Biology of Sex Differences
DOI 10.1186/2042-6410-3-13PMC PMC3411490
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Abstract

Women have more body fat than men, but in contrast to the deleterious metabolic consequences of the central obesity typical of men, the pear-shaped body fat distribution of many women is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk. To understand the mechanisms regulating adiposity and adipose tissue distribution in men and women, significant research attention has focused on comparing adipocyte morphological and metabolic properties, as well as the capacity of preadipocytes derived from different depots for proliferation and differentiation. Available evidence points to possible intrinsic, cell autonomous differences in preadipocytes and adipocytes, as well as modulatory roles for sex steroids, the microenvironment within each adipose tissue, and developmental factors. Gluteal-femoral adipose tissues of women may simply provide a safe lipid reservoir for excess energy, or they may directly regulate systemic metabolism via release of metabolic products or adipokines. We provide a brief overview of the relationship of fat distribution to metabolic health in men and women, and then focus on mechanisms underlying sex differences in adipose tissue biology.

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  • Females typically have a gynoid fat distribution, where fat is stored around the hips and thighs, while males typically display an android form of fat distribution, where fat is stored around the waist.

    “Females typically have a gynoid fat distribution, where fat is stored around the hips and thighs, while males typically display an android form of fat distribution, where fat is stored around the waist [49, 50].”

    From Developmental programming of offspring adipose tissue biology and obesity risk (2021) · cites this paper as [49]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Karastergiou, K., Smith, S. R., Greenberg, A. S., & Fried, S. K.
Affiliations
  • Boston University (US)
  • Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (US)
  • Tufts University (US)
Corresponding author
Fried, Susan K
ORCID
Venue
Biology of Sex Differences
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2012-05-31
Volume
3
Issue
1
Pages
13-13
ISSN
2042-6410 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/2042-6410-3-13
PMC
PMC3411490
OpenAlex
W2117358660
Cited by
1,109
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 129 · 2025: 143 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 3
FWCI
15.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Biology of Sex Differences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture (58-1950-7-707)
  • School of Medicine, Boston University
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Agricultural Research Service (581950-7-707)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK046200, R24DK087669, P30DK072476)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
Keywords
sex differences, adipose tissue, body fat distribution, abdominal obesity, cardiometabolic risk, adipocyte morphology, adipocyte metabolism, preadipocytes, adipogenesis, sex steroids, adipose tissue microenvironment, adipokines, energy storage

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