A primer on the use of mouse models for identifying direct sex chromosome effects that cause sex differences in non-gonadal tissues

Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method

Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001) · Methods · doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262 · Cited by 180,860 · see citing works

Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing

Kuro-o, M., Matsumura, Y., Aizawa, H., Kawaguchi, H., Suga, T., Utsugi, T., Ohyama, Y., Kurabayashi, M., Kaname, T., Kume, E., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36285 · Cited by 3,837 · see citing works

One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering

Wang, H., Yang, H., Shivalila, C. S., Dawlaty, M. M., Cheng, A. W., Zhang, F., & Jaenisch, R. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.025 · Cited by 3,495 · see citing works

A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif

Sinclair, A. H., Berta, P., Palmer, M. S., Hawkins, J. R., Griffiths, B. L., Smith, M. J., Foster, J. W., Frischauf, A., Lovell-Badge, R. H., & Goodfellow, P. N. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/346240a0 · Cited by 3,234 · see citing works

Male development of chromosomally female mice transgenic for Sry

Koopman, P. A., Gubbay, J., Vivian, N., Goodfellow, P. N., & Lovell-Badge, R. H. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/351117a0 · Cited by 2,193 · see citing works

The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is a mosaic of discrete sequence classes

Skaletsky, H., Kuroda-Kawaguchi, T., Minx, P. J., Cordum, H. S., Hillier, L., Brown, L. G., Repping, S., Pyntikova, T., Ali, J., Bieri, T. A., et al. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01722 · Cited by 2,098 · see citing works

A gene mapping to the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome is a member of a novel family of embryonically expressed genes

Gubbay, J., Collignon, J., Koopman, P. A., Capel, B., Economou, A., Münsterberg, A., Vivian, N., Goodfellow, P. N., & Lovell-Badge, R. H. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/346245a0 · Cited by 1,675 · see citing works

Myogenin, a factor regulating myogenesis, has a domain homologous to MyoD

Wright, W. E., Sassoon, D. A., & Lin, V. K. (1989) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90583-7 · Cited by 1,309 · see citing works

Four Evolutionary Strata on the Human X Chromosome

Lahn, B. T., & Page, D. C. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5441.964 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works

The degeneration of Y chromosomes

Charlesworth, B., & Charlesworth, D. (2000) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0717 · Cited by 924 · see citing works

Epigenetic Dynamics of Imprinted X Inactivation During Early Mouse Development

Okamoto, I., Otte, A. P., Allis, C. D., Reinberg, D., & Heard, É. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1092727 · Cited by 811 · see citing works

Strategies and Methods for Research on Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior

Becker, J. B., Arnold, A. P., Berkley, K. J., Blaustein, J. D., Eckel, L. A., Hampson, E., Herman, J. P., Marts, S. A., Sadée, W., Steiner, M. S., et al. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-1142 · Cited by 799 · see citing works

Sex Determination and Gonadal Development in Mammals

Wilhelm, D., Palmer, S. J., & Koopman, P. A. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00009.2006 · Cited by 683 · see citing works

X-Inactivation, Imprinting, and Long Noncoding RNAs in Health and Disease

Lee, J. T., & Bartolomei, M. S. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.016 · Cited by 674 · see citing works

Mammalian Y chromosomes retain widely expressed dosage-sensitive regulators

Bellott, D. W., Hughes, J. F., Skaletsky, H., Brown, L. G., Pyntikova, T., Cho, T.-J., Koutseva, N., Zaghlul, S., Graves, T., Rock, S., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13206 · Cited by 638 · see citing works

The organizational–activational hypothesis as the foundation for a unified theory of sexual differentiation of all mammalian tissues

Arnold, A. P. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.03.011 · Cited by 625 · see citing works

Sex Chromosome Specialization and Degeneration in Mammals

Graves, J. A. M. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.024 · Cited by 591 · see citing works

What does the “four core genotypes” mouse model tell us about sex differences in the brain and other tissues?

Arnold, A. P., & Chen, X. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.11.001 · Cited by 587 · see citing works

Reactivation of the Paternal X Chromosome in Early Mouse Embryos

Mak, W., Nesterova, T. B., de Napoles, M., Appanah, R., Yamanaka, S., Otte, A. P., & Brockdorff, N. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1092674 · Cited by 532 · see citing works

Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes across mammals

Cortez, D., Marín, R. M., Toledo‐Flores, D., Froidevaux, L., Liechti, A., Waters, P. D., Grützner, F., & Kaessmann, H. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13151 · Cited by 530 · see citing works

A model system for study of sex chromosome effects on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral traits

De Vries, G. J., Rissman, E. F., Simerly, R. B., Yang, L.-Y., Scordalakes, E. M., Auger, C. J., Swain, A., Lovell-Badge, R., Burgoyne, P. S., & Arnold, A. P. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-20-09005.2002 · Cited by 509 · see citing works

From specific gene regulation to genomic networks: a global analysis of transcriptional regulation in Escherichia coli

Thieffry, D., Huerta, A. M., Pérez‐Rueda, E., & Collado‐Vides, J. (1998) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-1878(199805)20:5 · Cited by 501 · see citing works

Minireview: sex differences in adult and developing brains: compensation, compensation, compensation

De Vries, G. J. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1504 · Cited by 486 · see citing works

A role for sex chromosome complement in the female bias in autoimmune disease

Smith-Bouvier, D. L., Divekar, A., Manda, S. V., Du, S., Tiwari-Woodruff, S. K., King, J. K., Arnold, A. P., Singh, R. R., & Voskuhl, R. R. (2008) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20070850 · Cited by 398 · see citing works

Genetic homology and crossing over in the X and Y chromosomes of mammals

Burgoyne, P. S. (1982) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00274192 · Cited by 386 · see citing works

The origin and function of the mammalian Y chromosome and Y‐borne genes – an evolving understanding

Graves, J. A. M. (1995) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.950170407 · Cited by 375 · see citing works

Sex chromosomes and brain gender

Arnold, A. P. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1494 · Cited by 368 · see citing works

An azoospermic man with a de novo point mutation in the Y-chromosomal gene USP9Y

Sun, C., Skaletsky, H., Birren, B. W., Devon, K. L., Tang, Z., Silber, S. J., Oates, R. D., & Page, D. C. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/70539 · Cited by 364 · see citing works

Dosage compensation is less effective in birds than in mammals

Itoh, Y., Melamed, E., Yang, X., Kampf, K., Wang, S. S.-M., Yehya, N., van Nas, A., Replogle, K. L., Band, M. R., Clayton, D. F., et al. (2007) · Journal of Biology · doi:10.1186/jbiol53 · Cited by 354 · see citing works

Global survey of escape from X inactivation by RNA-sequencing in mouse

Yang, F., Babak, T., Shendure, J., & Disteche, C. M. (2010) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.103200.109 · Cited by 350 · see citing works

Steroidogenic Factor 1: an Essential Mediator of Endocrine Development

Parker, K. L. (2002) · Recent Progress in Hormone Research · doi:10.1210/rp.57.1.19 · Cited by 346 · see citing works

Sequencing the Mouse Y Chromosome Reveals Convergent Gene Acquisition and Amplification on Both Sex Chromosomes

Soh, Y. Q. S., Alföldi, J., Pyntikova, T., Brown, L. G., Graves, T., Minx, P. J., Fulton, R. S., Kremitzki, C. L., Koutseva, N., Mueller, J. L., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.052 · Cited by 328 · see citing works

The Number of X Chromosomes Causes Sex Differences in Adiposity in Mice

Chen, X., McClusky, R., Chen, J., Beaven, S. W., Tontonoz, P., Arnold, A. P., & Reue, K. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002709 · Cited by 326 · see citing works

UTX and UTY Demonstrate Histone Demethylase-Independent Function in Mouse Embryonic Development

Shpargel, K. B., Sengoku, T., Yokoyama, S., & Magnuson, T. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002964 · Cited by 310 · see citing works

X chromosome regulation: diverse patterns in development, tissues and disease

Deng, X., Berletch, J. B., Nguyen, D. K., & Distèche, C. M. (2014) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3687 · Cited by 309 · see citing works

A Mouse Geneticist’s Practical Guide to CRISPR Applications

Singh, P., Schimenti, J. C., & Bolcun‐Filas, E. (2014) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.114.169771 · Cited by 303 · see citing works

A gradient of sex linkage in the pseudoautosomal region of the human sex chromosomes

Rouyer, F., Simmler, M., Johnsson, C., Vergnaud, G., Cooke, H. J., & Weissenbach, J. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/319291a0 · Cited by 297 · see citing works

Escape from X Inactivation Varies in Mouse Tissues

Berletch, J. B., Ma, W., Yang, F., Shendure, J., Noble, W. S., Distèche, C. M., & Deng, X. (2015) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005079 · Cited by 292 · see citing works

Knockout Mice Lacking Steroidogenic Factor 1 Are a Novel Genetic Model of Hypothalamic Obesity

Majdič, G., Young, M. J., Gómez-Sánchez, E. P., Anderson, P., Szczepaniak, L. S., Dobbins, R. L., McGarry, J., & Parker, K. L. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.143.2.8652 · Cited by 289 · see citing works

Sex differences in sex chromosome gene expression in mouse brain

Xu, J. (2002) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/11.12.1409 · Cited by 269 · see citing works

Polymorphic Y Chromosomes Harbor Cryptic Variation with Manifold Functional Consequences

Lemos, B., Araripe, L. O., & Hartl, D. L. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1148861 · Cited by 249 · see citing works

Sex Chromosome Complement and Gonadal Sex Influence Aggressive and Parental Behaviors in Mice

Gatewood, J. D., Wills, A., Shetty, S. R. J., Xu, J., Arnold, A. P., Burgoyne, P. S., & Rissman, E. F. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3743-05.2006 · Cited by 247 · see citing works

Turner syndrome revisited: review of new data supports the hypothesis that all viable 45,X cases are cryptic mosaics with a rescue cell line, implying an origin by mitotic loss

Hook, E. B., & Warburton, D. (2014) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-014-1420-x · Cited by 236 · see citing works

Evidence that Meiotic Sex Chromosome Inactivation Is Essential for Male Fertility

Royo, H., Polikiewicz, G., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Prosser, H. M., Mitchell, M., Bradley, A., de Rooij, D. G., Burgoyne, P. S., & Turner, J. M. A. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.010 · Cited by 235 · see citing works

Mouse homologues of the human AZF candidate gene RBM are expressed in spermatogonia and spermatids, and map to a Y chromosome deletion interval associated with a high incidence of sperm abnormalities

Mahadevaiah, S. K. (1998) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/7.4.715 · Cited by 228 · see citing works

Characterisation of the coding sequence and fine mapping of the human DFFRY gene and comparative expression analysis and mapping to the Sxrb interval of the mouse Y chromosome of the Dffry gene

Brown, G. M., Furlong, R. A., Sargent, C. A., Erickson, R. P., Longepied, G., Mitchell, M. J., Jones, M. H., Hargreave, T. B., Cooke, H. J., & Affara, N. A. (1998) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/7.1.97 · Cited by 210 · see citing works

Dosage Compensation of the Sex Chromosomes

Distèche, C. M. (2012) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155454 · Cited by 210 · see citing works

Cellular Resolution Maps of X Chromosome Inactivation: Implications for Neural Development, Function, and Disease

Wu, H., Luo, J., Yu, H. M., Rattner, A., Mo, A., Wang, Y., Smallwood, P. M., Avigdor, B. E., Wheelan, S. J., & Nathans, J. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.051 · Cited by 206 · see citing works

Genetic conflict reflected in tissue-specific maps of genomic imprinting in human and mouse

Babak, T., DeVeale, B., Tsang, E. K., Zhou, Y., Li, X., Smith, K. S., Kukurba, K., Zhang, R., Li, J. B., van der Kooy, D., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3274 · Cited by 203 · see citing works

Xlr3b is a new imprinted candidate for X-linked parent-of-origin effects on cognitive function in mice

Davies, W., Isles, A. R., Smith, R., Karunadasa, D. K., Burrmann, D., Humby, T., Ojarikre, O. A., Biggin, C., Skuse, D., Burgoyne, P. S., et al. (2005) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1577 · Cited by 192 · see citing works

An H–YDb epitope is encoded by a novel mouse Y chromosome gene

Greenfield, A., Scott, D. M., Pennisi, D. J., Ehrmann, I. E., Ellis, P., Cooper, L. T., Simpson, E., & Koopman, P. A. (1996) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1296-474 · Cited by 181 · see citing works

A Genetic Basis for a Postmeiotic X Versus Y Chromosome Intragenomic Conflict in the Mouse

Cocquet, J., Ellis, P. J. I., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Affara, N. A., Vaiman, D., & Burgoyne, P. S. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002900 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Epigenetic effects of polymorphic Y chromosomes modulate chromatin components, immune response, and sexual conflict

Lemos, B., Branco, A. T., & Hartl, D. L. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1010383107 · Cited by 173 · see citing works

Sex-Specific Differences in Expression of Histone DemethylasesUtxandUtyin Mouse Brain and Neurons

Xu, J., Deng, X., Watkins, R., & Distèche, C. M. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5382-07.2008 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

The Multicopy Gene Sly Represses the Sex Chromosomes in the Male Mouse Germline after Meiosis

Cocquet, J., Ellis, P. J. I., Yamauchi, Y., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Affara, N. A., Ward, M. A., & Burgoyne, P. S. (2009) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000244 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

The genetic basis of XX-XY differences present before gonadal sex differentiation in the mouse

Burgoyne, P. S., Thornhill, A. R., Boudrean, S. K., Darling, S. M., Bishop, C. E., & Evans, E. P. (1995) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1995.0159 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

Epigenetic regulation of autosomal gene expression by sex chromosomes

Wijchers, P. J., & Festenstein, R. (2011) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2011.01.004 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

A Yin-Yang Effect between Sex Chromosome Complement and Sex Hormones on the Immune Response

Palaszynski, K. M., Smith, D. L., Kamrava, S., Burgoyne, P. S., Arnold, A. P., & Voskuhl, R. R. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0284 · Cited by 163 · see citing works

A Y-chromosomal effect on blastocyst cell number in mice

Burgoyne, P. S. (1993) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.117.1.341 · Cited by 160 · see citing works

A Y-encoded subunit of the translation initiation factor Eif2 is essential for mouse spermatogenesis

Mazeyrat, S., Saut, N., Grigoriev, V., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Ojarikre, O. A., Rattigan, Á., Bishop, C. E., Eicher, E. M., Mitchell, M. J., & Burgoyne, P. S. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng717 · Cited by 156 · see citing works

Homology of a candidate spermatogenic gene from the mouse Y chromosome to the ubiquitin-activating enzyme El

Mitchell, M. J., Woods, D., Tucker, P. K., Opp, J. S., & Bishop, C. E. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/354483a0 · Cited by 154 · see citing works

Why females are mosaics, x-chromosome inactivation, and sex differences in disease

Migeon, B. R. (2007) · Gender Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1550-8579(07)80024-6 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Identification of a cluster of X-linked imprinted genes in mice

Raefski, A. S., & O’Neill, M. J. (2005) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1567 · Cited by 148 · see citing works

X-linkage of steroid sulphatase in the mouse is evidence for a functional Y-linked allele

Keitges, E. A., Rivest, M., SINISCALCO, M., & Gartler, S. M. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/315226a0 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

A candidate spermatogenesis gene on the mouse Y chromosome is homologous to ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1

Kay, G. F., Ashworth, A., Penny, G. D., Dunlop, M. M., Swift, S., Brockdorff, N., & Rastant, S. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/354486a0 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Sex Differences in Ischemic Stroke Sensitivity Are Influenced by Gonadal Hormones, Not by Sex Chromosome Complement

Manwani, B., Bentivegna, K., Benashski, S. E., Venna, V. R., Xu, Y., Arnold, A. P., & McCullough, L. D. (2014) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.186 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

The mouse Y* chromosome involves a complex rearrangement, including interstitial positioning of the pseudoautosomal region

Eicher, E. M., Hale, D. W., Hunt, P. A., Lee, B. K., Tucker, P. K., King, T. R., Eppig, J. T., & Washburn, L. L. (2008) · Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics · doi:10.1159/000133152 · Cited by 137 · see citing works

A paternally imprinted X chromosome retards the development of the early mouse embryo

Thornhill, A. R., & Burgoyne, P. S. (1993) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.118.1.171 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Sexual Dimorphism in Mammalian Autosomal Gene Regulation Is Determined Not Only by Sry but by Sex Chromosome Complement As Well

Wijchers, P. J., Yandım, C., Panousopoulou, E., Ahmad, M., Harker, N., Saveliev, A., Burgoyne, P. S., & Festenstein, R. (2010) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2010.08.005 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

A mouse Y chromosome gene encoded by a region essential for spermatogenesis and expression of male-specific minor histocompatibility antigens

Agoulnik, A. I., Mitchell, M. J., Lerner, J. L., Woods, D., & Bishop, C. E. (1994) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/3.6.873 · Cited by 132 · see citing works

XY sex chromosome complement, compared with XX, in the CNS confers greater neurodegeneration during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Du, S., Itoh, N., Askarinam, S., Hill, H., Arnold, A. P., & Voskuhl, R. R. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1307091111 · Cited by 131 · see citing works

X and Y Chromosome Complement Influence Adiposity and Metabolism in Mice

Chen, X., McClusky, R., Itoh, Y., Reue, K., & Arnold, A. P. (2013) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2012-2098 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

Sex-Specific Expression of the X-Linked Histone Demethylase Gene Jarid1c in Brain

Xu, J., Deng, X., & Distèche, C. M. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002553 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

The ontogenesis of the steroidogenic tissues

Morohashi, K. (1997) · Genes to Cells · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1060304.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works

The importance of having two X chromosomes

Arnold, A. P., Reue, K., Eghbali, M., Vilain, E., Chen, X., Ghahramani, N., Itoh, Y., Li, J., Link, J. C., Ngun, T., et al. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0113 · Cited by 114 · see citing works

Stroke sensitivity in the aged: sex chromosome complement vs. gonadal hormones

McCullough, L. D., Mirza, M. A., Xu, Y., Bentivegna, K., Steffens, E. B., Ritzel, R. M., & Liu, F. (2016) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100997 · Cited by 114 · see citing works

TALEN-mediated editing of the mouse Y chromosome

Wang, H., Hu, Y., Markoulaki, S., Welstead, G. G., Cheng, A. W., Shivalila, C., Pyntikova, T., Dadon, D. B., Voytas, D. F., Bogdanove, A. J., et al. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2595 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

Four Core Genotypes mouse model: localization of the Sry transgene and bioassay for testicular hormone levels

Itoh, Y., Mackie, R., Kampf, K., Domadia, S., Brown, J. D., O’Neill, R., & Arnold, A. P. (2015) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-015-0986-2 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

The number of X chromosomes influences protection from cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion injury in mice: one X is better than two

Li, J., Chen, X., McClusky, R., Ruiz-Sundstrom, M., Itoh, Y., Umar, S., Arnold, A. P., & Eghbali, M. (2014) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvu064 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Deletion of Y chromosome sequences located outside the testis determining region can cause XY female sex reversal

Capel, B., Rasberry, C., Dyson, J., Bishop, C. E., Simpson, E., Vivian, N., Lovell-Badge, R. H., Rastan, S., & Cattanach, B. M. (1993) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1193-301 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

The Mouse Y Chromosome Interval Necessary for Spermatogonial Proliferation is Gene Dense with Syntenic Homology to the Human AZFa Region

Mazeyrat, S., Saut, N., Sargent, C. A., Grimmond, S. M., Longepied, G., Ehrmann, I. E., Ellis, P. S., Greenfield, A., Affara, N. A., & Mitchell, M. J. (1998) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/7.11.1713 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Separate effects of sex hormones and sex chromosomes on brain structure and function revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and spatial navigation assessment of the Four Core Genotype mouse model

Corre, C., Friedel, M., Vousden, D. A., Metcalf, A., Spring, S., Qiu, L. R., Lerch, J. P., & Palmert, M. R. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0952-0 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Are females more variable than males in gene expression? Meta-analysis of microarray datasets

Itoh, Y., & Arnold, A. P. (2015) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-015-0036-8 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

The XX sex chromosome complement in mice is associated with increased spontaneous lupus compared with XY

Manda, S. V., Itoh, N., Gold, S. M., Lawson, G. W., & Voskuhl, R. R. (2012) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201246 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Conceptual frameworks and mouse models for studying sex differences in physiology and disease: Why compensation changes the game

Arnold, A. P. (2014) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.021 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Sex difference in neural tube defects in p53‐null mice is caused by differences in the complement of X not Y genes

Chen, X., Watkins, R., Délot, E. C., Reliene, R., Schiestl, R. H., Burgoyne, P. S., & Arnold, A. P. (2007) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.20581 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Characterization of Genes Encoding Translation Initiation Factor eIF-2 in Mouse and Human: Sex Chromosome Localization, Escape from X-Inactivation and Evolution

Ehrmann, I. E., Ellis, P. S., Mazeyrat, S., Duthie, S. M., Brockdorff, N., Mattéi, M., Gavin, M. A., Affara, N. A., Brown, G. M., Simpson, E., et al. (1998) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/7.11.1725 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Sex chromosome-to-autosome transposition events counter Y-chromosome gene loss in mammals

Hughes, J. F., Skaletsky, H., Koutseva, N., Pyntikova, T., & Page, D. C. (2015) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0667-4 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Cloning and expression of the mouse pseudoautosomal steroid sulphatase gene (Sts)

SALIDO, E. C., Li, X. M., Yen, P. H., Martín, N., Mohandas, T. K., & Shapiro, L. J. (1996) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0596-83 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Noncanonical Genomic Imprinting Effects in Offspring

Bonthuis, P. J., Huang, W.-C., Hörndli, C. S., Ferris, E., Cheng, T., & Gregg, C. J. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.017 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Retarded development of XO conceptuses during early pregnancy in the mouse

Burgoyne, P. S., Tam, P. P. L., & Evans, E. P. (1983) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0680387 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

The Y* rearrangement in mice: new insights into a perplexing PAR

Burgoyne, P. S., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Perry, J. K., Palmer, S. J., & Ashworth, A. (1998) · Cytogenetic and Genome Research · doi:10.1159/000014954 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

X chromosome number causes sex differences in gene expression in adult mouse striatum

Chen, X., Grisham, W., & Arnold, A. P. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06610.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works

An RBM homologue maps to the mouse Y chromosome and is expressed in germ cells

Elliott, D. J. (1996) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/5.7.869 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Females Are Mosaics: X Inactivation and Sex Differences in Disease

Migeon, B. R. (2007) · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Cell‐autonomous sex determination outside of the gonad

Arnold, A. P., Chen, X., Link, J. C., Itoh, Y., & Reue, K. (2013) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.23936 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

A gene spans the pseudoautosomal boundary in mice

Palmer, S., Perry, J. K., Kipling, D., & Ashworth, A. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.22.12030 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Sex differences in brain developing in the presence or absence of gonads

Büdefeld, T., Grgurevič, N., Tobet, S. A., & Majdič, G. (2008) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.20638 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Females Are Mosaics

Migeon, B. R. (2007) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195188127.001.0001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Sex chromosome complement affects social interactions in mice

McPhie-Lalmansingh, A. A., Tejada, L. D., WEAVER, J., & Rissman, E. F. (2008) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.05.016 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Sex differences in diurnal rhythms of food intake in mice caused by gonadal hormones and complement of sex chromosomes

Chen, X., Wang, L., Loh, D. H., Colwell, C. S., Taché, Y., Reue, K., & Arnold, A. P. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.020 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Sexually dimorphic expression of the X-linked gene Eif2s3x mRNA but not protein in mouse brain

Xu, J., Watkins, R., & Arnold, A. P. (2005) · Gene Expression Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.modgep.2005.06.011 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

The consequences of X-dosage deficiency in the germ line: Impaired development in vitro of preimplantation embryos from XO mice

Burgoyne, P. S., & Biggers, J. D. (1976) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/0012-1606(76)90126-3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Tdy -negative XY, XXY and XYY female mice: breeding data and synaptonemal complex analysis

Mahadevaiah, S. K., Lovell-Badge, R. H., & Burgoyne, P. S. (1993) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0970151 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Association of Sly with sex-linked gene amplification during mouse evolution: a side effect of genomic conflict in spermatids?

Ellis, P. J. I., Bacon, J., & Affara, N. A. (2011) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr204 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Evolutionary Mechanisms in Sex Determination

Wachtel, S. S. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Mouse model systems to study sex chromosome genes and behavior: Relevance to humans

Cox, K. H., Bonthuis, P. J., & Rissman, E. F. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.12.004 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Spermatogenesis‐specific association of SMCY and MSH5

Akimoto, C., Kitagawa, H., Μatsumoto, T., & Kato, S. (2008) · Genes to Cells · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01193.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Sexual differentiation in the developing mouse brain: contributions of sex chromosome genes

Wolstenholme, J. T., Rissman, E. F., & Bekiranov, S. (2012) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12010 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

The Y-Encoded Gene Zfy2 Acts to Remove Cells with Unpaired Chromosomes at the First Meiotic Metaphase in Male Mice

Vernet, N., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Ojarikre, O. A., Longepied, G., Prosser, H. M., Bradley, A., Mitchell, M. J., & Burgoyne, P. S. (2011) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.057 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Transcriptional changes in response to X chromosome dosage in the mouse: implications for X inactivation and the molecular basis of Turner Syndrome

Lopes, A. M., Burgoyne, P. S., Ojarikre, A., Bauer, J., Sargent, C. A., Amorim, A., & Affara, N. A. (2010) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-82 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Neonatal Mice Possessing an Sry Transgene Show a Masculinized Pattern of Progesterone Receptor Expression in the Brain Independent of Sex Chromosome Status

Wagner, C. K., Xu, J., Pfau, J. L., Quadros, P. S., Vries, G. J. D., & Arnold, A. P. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1219 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Effects of Sex Chromosome Dosage on Placental Size in Mice1

Ishikawa, H., Rattigan, Á., Fundele, R. H., & Burgoyne, P. S. (2003) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.102.012641 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

A protein encoded by a member of the multicopy Ssty gene family located on the long arm of the mouse Y chromosome is expressed during sperm development

Touré, A., Grigoriev, V., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Rattigan, Á., Ojarikre, O. A., & Burgoyne, P. S. (2003) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00216-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Sex chromosomes: Mammalian X and Y crossover

Burgoyne, P. S. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/319258a0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Human and mouse ZFY genes produce a conserved testis-specific transcript encoding a zinc finger protein with a short acidic domain and modified transactivation potential

Decarpentrie, F., Vernet, N., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Longepied, G., Streichemberger, E., Aknin-Seifer, I. E., Ojarikre, O. A., Burgoyne, P. S., Metzler‐Guillemain, C., & Mitchell, M. J. (2012) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/dds088 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Sex Chromosome Complement Affects Nociception and Analgesia in Newborn Mice

Gioiosa, L., Chen, X., Watkins, R., Umeda, E. A., & Arnold, A. P. (2008) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.06.001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Sexually dimorphic expression of Usp9x is related to sex chromosome complement in adult mouse brain

Xu, J., Taya, S., Kaibuchi, K., & Arnold, A. P. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04134.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Mouse Y-Linked Zfy1 and Zfy2 Are Expressed during the Male-Specific Interphase between Meiosis I and Meiosis II and Promote the 2nd Meiotic Division

Vernet, N., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Yamauchi, Y., Decarpentrie, F., Mitchell, M. J., Ward, M. A., & Burgoyne, P. S. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004444 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Survival of XO mouse fetuses: effect of parental origin of the X chromosome or uterine environment?

Hunt, P. A. (1991) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.111.4.1137 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Aggressive behaviors in adult SF-1 knockout mice that are not exposed to gonadal steroids during development.

Grgurevič, N., Büdefeld, T., Rissman, E. F., Tobet, S. A., & Majdič, G. (2008) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.122.4.876 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Retarded Postimplantation Development of X0 Mouse Embryos: Impact of the Parental Origin of the Monosomic X Chromosome

Jamieson, R. V., Tan, S., & Tam, P. (1998) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1998.8972 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

A high frequency of XO offspring from XPafY* male mice: evidence that the Paf mutation involves an inversion spanning the X PAR boundary

Burgoyne, P. S., & Evans, E. P. (2000) · Cytogenetic and Genome Research · doi:10.1159/000056819 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Human RBMY regulates germline-specific splicing events by modulating the function of the serine/arginine-rich proteins 9G8 and Tra2-β

Dreumont, N., Bourgeois, C. F., Lejeune, F., Liu, Y., Ehrmann, I. E., Elliott, D. J., & Stévenin, J. (2009) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.055889 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Patchy Fur (Paf), a Semidominant X-Linked Gene Associated with a High Level of X-Y Nondisjunction in Male Mice

Lane, P. W., & Davisson, M. T. (1990) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110923 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Biological mechanisms associated with increased perseveration and hyperactivity in a genetic mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorder

Trent, S., Dean, R., Veit, B., Cassano, T., Bedse, G., Ojarikre, O. A., Humby, T., & Davies, W. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

High frequency de novo alterations in the long–range genomic structure of the mouse pseudoautosomal region

Kipling, D., SALIDO, E. C., Shapiro, L. J., & Cooke, H. J. (1996) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0596-78 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Sex-Specific Differences in Meiotic Chromosome Segregation Revealed by Dicentric Bridge Resolution in Mice

Koehler, K. E., Millie, E. A., Cherry, J. P., Burgoyne, P. S., Evans, E. P., Hunt, P. A., & Hassold, T. J. (2002) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/162.3.1367 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

TALEN-Mediated Gene Disruption on Y Chromosome Reveals Critical Role of EIF2S3Y in Mouse Spermatogenesis

Matsubara, Y., Kato, T., Kashimada, K., Tanaka, H., Zhou, Z., Ichinose, S., Mizutani, S., Morio, T., Chiba, T., Ito, Y., et al. (2015) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2014.0466 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Neural Growth Hormone Implicated in Body Weight Sex Differences

Bonthuis, P. J., & Rissman, E. F. (2013) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2013-1234 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

The Sry Gene and Sex Determination in Mammals

Capel, B., & Lovell-Badge, R. H. (1993) · Advances in developmental biology · doi:10.1016/s1566-3116(08)60025-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Altered brain gene expression but not steroid biochemistry in a genetic mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorder

Trent, S., Fry, J. P., Ojarikre, O. A., & Davies, W. (2014) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-5-21 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Mouse Y-Encoded Transcription Factor Zfy2 Is Essential for Sperm Formation and Function in Assisted Fertilization

Yamauchi, Y., Riel, J. M., Ruthig, V. A., & Ward, M. A. (2015) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005476 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

The expression of Y-linked Zfy2 in XY mouse oocytes leads to frequent meiosis 2 defects, a high incidence of subsequent early cleavage stage arrest and infertility

Vernet, N., Szot, M., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Ellis, P. J. I., Decarpentrie, F., Ojarikre, O. A., Rattigan, Á., Taketo, T., & Burgoyne, P. S. (2014) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.091165 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Dissociable Effects of Sry and Sex Chromosome Complement on Activity, Feeding and Anxiety-Related Behaviours in Mice

Kopsida, E., Lynn, P. M. Y., Humby, T., Wilkinson, L. S., & Davies, W. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073699 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Mouse Y-Encoded Transcription Factor Zfy2 Is Essential for Sperm Head Remodelling and Sperm Tail Development

Vernet, N., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Decarpentrie, F., Longepied, G., de Rooij, D. G., Burgoyne, P. S., & Mitchell, M. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145398 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Spermatogenic failure in male mice with four sex chromosomes

Rodríguez, T. A., & Burgoyne, P. S. (2001) · Chromosoma · doi:10.1007/s004120100134 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

The XX Sex Chromosome Complement is Required in Male and Female Mice for Enhancement of Immunity Induced by Exposure to 3,4‐Dichloropropionanilide

Holásková, I., Franko, J., Goodman, R. L., Arnold, A. P., & Schafer, R. (2015) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/aji.12378 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Viability, development and incidence of chromosome anomalies of preimplantation embryos from XO mice

Banzai, M., Omoe, K., Ishikawa, H., & Endo, A. (2008) · Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics · doi:10.1159/000134050 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

The structure of DXF34, a human X-linked sequence family with homology to a transcribed mouse Y-linked repeat

Laval, S. H., Reed, V., Blair, H. J., & Boyd, Y. (1997) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s003359900538 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

The microtubular system and posttranslationally modified tubulin during spermatogenesis in a parasitic nematode with amoeboid and aflagellate spermatozoa

Mansir, A., & Justine, J. (1998) · Molecular Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199802)49:2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

The single active X in human cells: evolutionary tinkering personified

Migeon, B. R. (2011) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-011-1016-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Insights into the pathogenesis of XXY phenotype from comparison of the clinical syndrome with an experimental XXY mouse model.

Lue, Y., Wang, C., Liu, P. Y., Erkkilä, K., & Swerdloff, R. S. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes: sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity

Oyola, M. G., & Handa, R. J. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1369523 · Cited by 710 · see citing works

Vertebrate sex determination: evolutionary plasticity of a fundamental switch

Capel, B. (2017) · Nature reviews genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.60 · Cited by 456 · see citing works

The role of sex in the genomics of human complex traits

Khramtsova, E. A., Davis, L. K., & Stranger, B. E. (2019) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0083-1 · Cited by 303 · see citing works

Sexual Dimorphism in Innate Immunity: The Role of Sex Hormones and Epigenetics

Shepherd, R., Cheung, A. S., Pang, K. C., Saffery, R., & Novakovic, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.604000 · Cited by 310 · see citing works

A Guide for the Design of Pre-clinical Studies on Sex Differences in Metabolism

Mauvais‐Jarvis, F., Arnold, A. P., & Reue, K. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.033 · Cited by 279 · see citing works

Sex differences in obesity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation—A role for the sex chromosomes?

Zore, T., Palafox, M., & Reue, K. (2018) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.04.003 · Cited by 239 · see citing works

The X-linked histone demethylase Kdm6a in CD4+ T lymphocytes modulates autoimmunity

Itoh, Y., Golden, L. C., Itoh, N., Matsukawa, M. A., Ren, E., Tse, V., Arnold, A. P., & Voskuhl, R. R. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci126250 · Cited by 181 · see citing works

X chromosome protects against bladder cancer in females via aKDM6A-dependent epigenetic mechanism

Kaneko, S., & Li, X. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5598 · Cited by 149 · see citing works

Widespread sex dimorphism in aging and age-related diseases

Sampathkumar, N. K., Bravo, J. I., Chen, Y., Danthi, P. S., Donahue, E. K., Lai, R. W., Lu, R. J., Randall, L. T., Vinson, N. M., & Benayoun, B. A. (2019) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-019-02082-w · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Four Core Genotypes and XY* mouse models: Update on impact on SABV research

Arnold, A. P. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.021 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

Bhargava, A., Arnold, A. P., Bangasser, D. A., Denton, K. M., Gupta, A., Hilliard Krause, L. M., Mayer, E. A., McCarthy, M., Miller, W. L., Raznahan, A., et al. (2021) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa034 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

X chromosome dosage of histone demethylase KDM5C determines sex differences in adiposity

Link, J. C., Wiese, C. B., Chen, X., Avetisyan, R., Ronquillo, E., Ma, F., Guo, X., Yao, J., Allison, M., Chen, Y.-D. I., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci140223 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

Illuminating the Mechanisms Underlying Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease

Reue, K., & Wiese, C. B. (2022) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.122.320259 · Cited by 122 · see citing works

Escape From X-Chromosome Inactivation: An Evolutionary Perspective

Posynick, B. J., & Brown, C. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2019.00241 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Genetic sex determination of mice by simplex PCR

Tunster, S. J. (2017) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-017-0154-6 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Y-Chromosome Gene, Uty , Protects Against Pulmonary Hypertension by Reducing Proinflammatory Chemokines

Cunningham, C. M., Li, M., Ruffenach, G., Doshi, M., Aryan, L., Hong, J. S., Park, J., Hrncir, H., Medzikovic, L., Umar, S., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202110-2309oc · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Hypothalamic oestrogen receptor alpha establishes a sexually dimorphic regulatory node of energy expenditure

van Veen, J. E., Kammel, L. G., Bunda, P., Shum, M., Reid, M., Massa, M. G., Arneson, D. V., Park, J. W., Zhang, Z., Joseph, A., et al. (2020) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-020-0189-6 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Genetic and hormonal mechanisms underlying sex-specific immune responses in tuberculosis

Gupta, M., Srikrishna, G., Klein, S. L., & Bishai, W. R. (2022) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2022.06.004 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Parent-of-origin differences in DNA methylation of X chromosome genes in T lymphocytes

Golden, L. C., Itoh, Y., Itoh, N., Iyengar, S., Coit, P., Salama, Y., Arnold, A. P., Sawalha, A. H., & Voskuhl, R. R. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1910072116 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Sexual differentiation of brain and other tissues: Five questions for the next 50 years

Arnold, A. P. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104691 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Sex differences in stroke co-morbidities

Branyan, T. E., & Sohrabji, F. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113384 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Cardiac proteomics reveals sex chromosome-dependent differences between males and females that arise prior to gonad formation

Shi, W., Sheng, X., Dorr, K. M., Hutton, J. E., Emerson, J. I., Davies, H. A., Andrade, T. D., Wasson, L. K., Greco, T. M., Hashimoto, Y., et al. (2021) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2021.09.022 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

X-chromosome regulation and sex differences in brain anatomy

Raznahan, A., & Distèche, C. M. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.024 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

The Y Chromosome Plays a Protective Role in Experimental Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension

Umar, S., Cunningham, C. M., Itoh, Y., Moazeni, S., Vaillancourt, M., Sarji, S., Centala, A., Arnold, A. P., & Eghbali, M. (2017) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201707-1345le · Cited by 70 · see citing works

X chromosome escapee genes are involved in ischemic sexual dimorphism through epigenetic modification of inflammatory signals

Qi, S., Mamun, A. A., Ngwa, C., Sharmeen, R., Ritzel, R. M., Arnold, A. P., McCullough, L. D., & Liu, F. (2021) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-021-02120-3 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

Sex differences in the intergenerational inheritance of metabolic traits

Sandovici, I., Fernandez‐Twinn, D. S., Hufnagel, A., Constância, M., & Ozanne, S. E. (2022) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-022-00570-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

Sex differences in obesity: X chromosome dosage as a risk factor for increased food intake, adiposity and co-morbidities

Reue, K. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.040 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

X chromosome agents of sexual differentiation

Arnold, A. P. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00697-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Relative contributions of sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and gonads to sex differences in tissue gene regulationPreprint

Blencowe, M., Chen, X., Zhao, Y., Itoh, Y., McQuillen, C. N., Han, Y., Shou, B. L., McClusky, R., Reue, K., Arnold, A. P., et al. (2022) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.275965.121 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Rethinking sex determination of non-gonadal tissues

Arnold, A. P. (2019) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.01.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Neuroendocrine disruption of organizational and activational hormone programming in poikilothermic vertebrates

Rosenfeld, C. S., Denslow, N. D., Orlando, E. F., Gutierrez-Villagomez, J. M., & Trudeau, V. L. (2017) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B · doi:10.1080/10937404.2017.1370083 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Differences in renal ammonia metabolism in male and female kidney

Harris, A. N., Lee, H., Osis, G., Fang, L., Webster, K. L., Verlander, J. W., & Weiner, I. D. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00084.2018 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Sex as a Biological Variable in Nutrition Research: From Human Studies to Animal Models

Chen, Y., Kim, M., Paye, S. M., & Benayoun, B. A. (2022) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-105852 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Considerations and challenges for sex-aware drug repurposing

Fisher, J. L., Jones, E. F., Flanary, V. L., Williams, A. S., Wilk, E. J., & Lasseigne, B. N. (2022) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-022-00420-8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Evaluation of Sex Differences in Preclinical Pharmacology Research: How Far Is Left to Go?

Allegra, S., Chiara, F., Grazia, D. D., Gaspari, M., & Francia, S. D. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16060786 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Organ‐on‐a‐Chip Systems for Women's Health Applications

Nawroth, J. C., Rogal, J., Weiß, M., Brucker, S. Y., & Loskill, P. (2017) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201700550 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Pulmonary arterial hypertension: Sex matters

Dignam, J. P., Sharma, S., Stasinopoulos, I. A., & MacLean, M. R. (2023) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.16277 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Disruption of the Uty epigenetic regulator locus in hematopoietic cells phenocopies the profibrotic attributes of Y chromosome loss in heart failure

Horitani, K., Chavkin, N. W., Arai, Y., Wang, Y., Ogawa, H., Yura, Y., Evans, M. A., Cochran, J. D., Thel, M. C., Polizio, A. H., et al. (2024) · Nature Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1038/s44161-024-00441-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Sex Differences in Early Embryogenesis: Inter‐Chromosomal Regulation Sets the Stage for Sex‐Biased Gene Networks

Engel, N. (2018) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201800073 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Genetics, sex, and gender

Reale, C., Invernizzi, F., Panteghini, C., & Garavaglia, B. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24945 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Sex Dimorphic Responses of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis to Energy Demands and Stress

de, M. A. P.-M., Sotelo-Rivera, I., Gutiérrez-Mata, A., Charli, J., & Joseph‐Bravo, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.746924 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Chromosomal and environmental contributions to sex differences in the vulnerability to neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for therapeutic interventions

Pallier, P. N., Ferrara, M., Romagnolo, F., Ferretti, M. T., Soreq, H., & Cerase, A. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102353 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Sexual Dimorphism of the Heart: Genetics, Epigenetics, and Development

Deegan, D. F., Nigam, P., & Engel, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.668252 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Molecular Insulin Actions Are Sexually Dimorphic in Lipid Metabolism

Ortiz-Huidobro, R. I., Velasco, M., Larqué, C., Escalona, R., & Hiriart, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.690484 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Genetics and Epigenetics of the X and Y Chromosomes in the Sexual Differentiation of the Brain

Zapata, L. E. C., García‐Segura, L. M., Cambiasso, M. J., & Arévalo, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232012288 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Out of the Silence: Insights into How Genes Escape X-Chromosome Inactivation

Peeters, S. B., Posynick, B. J., & Brown, C. J. (2023) · Epigenomes · doi:10.3390/epigenomes7040029 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Sex and Brain: The Role of Sex Chromosomes and Hormones in Brain Development and Parkinson’s Disease

Terrin, F., Tesoriere, A., Plotegher, N., & Valle, L. D. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12111486 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Effect of sex chromosomes versus hormones in neonatal lung injury

Grimm, S. L., Dong, X., Zhang, Y., Carisey, A. F., Arnold, A. P., Moorthy, B., Coarfa, C., & Lingappan, K. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.146863 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Estradiol mediates greater germinal center responses to influenza vaccination in female than male mice

Dhakal, S., Park, H.-S., Seddu, K., Lee, J. S., Creisher, P. S., Seibert, B., Davis, K. M., Hernandez, I. R., Maul, R. W., & Klein, S. L. (2024) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00326-24 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

The impact of chromosomal sex on cardiometabolic health and disease

Wiese, C. B., Avetisyan, R., & Reue, K. (2023) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2023.07.003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Integrating Transwomen and Female Athletes with Differences of Sex Development (DSD) into Elite Competition: The FIMS 2021 Consensus Statement

Hamilton, B. R., Lima, G., Barrett, J., Seal, L., Kolliari-Turner, A., Wang, G., Karanikolou, A., Bigard, X., Löllgen, H., Zupet, P., et al. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01451-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and microbiota: identification of Akkermansia muciniphila as an estrogen-responsive bacterium

Sakamuri, A., Bardhan, P., Tummala, R., Mauvais‐Jarvis, F., Yang, T., Joe, B., & Ogola, B. O. (2023) · Microbiota and Host · doi:10.1530/mah-23-0010 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Sex Differences in the Immune System Become Evident in the Perinatal Period in the Four Core Genotypes Mouse

Ghosh, M. K., Chen, K.-H. E., Dill, R., Ma, L. J., Yonezawa, T., Itoh, Y., Rivera, L., Radecki, K. C., Wu, Q. P., Arnold, A. P., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.582614 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Gonadal hormones and sex chromosome complement differentially contribute to ethanol intake, preference, and relapse‐like behaviour in four core genotypes mice

Sneddon, E. A., Rasizer, L. N., Cavalco, N. G., Jaymes, A. H., Ostlie, N. J., Minshall, B. L., Masters, B. M., Hughes, M. R., Hrncir, H., Arnold, A. P., et al. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13222 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Sex-chromosome mechanisms in cardiac development and disease

Conlon, F. L., & Arnold, A. P. (2023) · Nature Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1038/s44161-023-00256-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

X chromosome dosage and presence of SRY shape sex-specific differences in DNA methylation at an autosomal region in human cells

Ho, B., Greenlaw, K., Tuwaijri, A. A., Moussette, S., Martı́nez, F., Giorgio, E., Brusco, A., Ferrero, G. B., Linhares, N. D., Valadares, E. R., et al. (2018) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-018-0169-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Sex differences in bladder cancer: understanding biological and clinical implications

Chaudhary, P., Singha, B., Abdel-Hafiz, H. A., Velegraki, M., Sundi, D., Satturwar, S. P., Parwani, A. V., Grivennikov, S. I., You, S., Goodridge, H. S., et al. (2025) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-025-00715-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Sex differences in kappa opioid receptor antinociception is influenced by the number of X chromosomes in mouse

Taylor, A. M. W., Chadwick, C. I., Mehrabani, S., Hrncir, H., Arnold, A. P., & Evans, C. J. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24704 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Sex Dimorphism in Pulmonary Hypertension: The Role of the Sex Chromosomes

Kostyunina, D. S., & McLoughlin, P. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10050779 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Y chromosome–linked UTY modulates sex differences in valvular fibroblast methylation in response to nanoscale extracellular matrix cues

Gorashi, R. M., Baddour, T., Chittle, S. J., Vélez, N. E. F., Wenning, M. A., Anseth, K. S., Mestroni, L., Peña, B., Guo, P., & Aguado, B. A. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ads5717 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Preclinical models of bladder cancer: BBN and beyond

Matye, D. J., Leak, J., Woolbright, B. L., & Taylor, J. A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00885-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Monosomy X in Female Mice Influences the Regional Formation and Augments the Severity of Angiotensin II–Induced Aortopathies

Alsiraj, Y., Thatcher, S. E., Blalock, E. M., Saintilnord, W. N., Daugherty, A., Lu, H. S., Luo, W., Shen, Y. H., LeMaire, S. A., Arnold, A. P., et al. (2020) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.120.314407 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

The Impact of Sex Chromosomes in the Sexual Dimorphism of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Predescu, D. N., Mokhlesi, B., & Predescu, S. A. (2022) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.01.005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Mechanism of Sex Differences in Bladder Cancer: Evident and Elusive Sex-biasing Factors

Lam, C. M., Li, Z.-H., Theodorescu, D., & Li, X. (2022) · Bladder Cancer · doi:10.3233/blc-211658 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

X, but not Y, Chromosomal Complement Contributes to Stroke Sensitivity in Aged Animals

Qi, S., Ngwa, C., Mamun, A. A., Sharmeen, R., Wu, T., Marrelli, S. P., Arnold, A. P., McCullough, L. D., & Liu, F. (2022) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-022-01070-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Gonadal sex vs genetic sex in experimental atherosclerosis

Nour, J., Bonacina, F., & Norata, G. D. (2023) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117277 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

The relationship between gender and pharmacology

Younes, S. (2024) · Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.crphar.2024.100192 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Sex chromosome complement affects multiple aspects of reversal‐learning task performance in mice

Aarde, S. M., Genner, R. M., Hrncir, H., Arnold, A. P., & Jentsch, D. (2020) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12685 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Battle Within the Sexes: Differences in Male and Female Immunity and the Impact on Antitumor Responses

Hunt, K. S., & Alspach, E. (2023) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Revisiting sex as a biological variable in hypertension research

Ryan, M. J., Clemmer, J. S., Mathew, R. O., Faulkner, J., Taylor, E. B., Abais‐Battad, J. M., Hollis, F., & Sullivan, J. C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci180078 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Testosterone deficiency promotes arterial stiffening independent of sex chromosome complement

Sakamuri, A., Visniauskas, B., Kilanowski‐Doroh, I., McNally, A. B., Sugi, A. I., Kamau, A., Sengottaian, D., McLachlan, J. A., Anguera, M. C., Mauvais‐Jarvis, F., et al. (2024) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-024-00624-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Genomic factors underlying sex differences in trauma-related disorders

Ponomareva, O. Y., & Ressler, K. J. (2021) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100330 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Insight into genetic, biological, and environmental determinants of sexual-dimorphism in type 2 diabetes and glucose-related traits

Lamri, A., Paoli, M. D., de Souza, R. J., Werstuck, G. H., Anand, S. S., & Pigeyre, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.964743 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

The Four Core Genotypes mouse model: evaluating the impact of a recently discovered translocation

Wiese, C. B., Soliman, B., & Reue, K. (2024) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-024-00665-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Integrating sex and gender in mitochondrial science

Junker, A., Juster, R., & Picard, M. A. (2022) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100536 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Reversal Learning Performance in the XY∗ Mouse Model of Klinefelter and Turner Syndromes

Aarde, S. M., Hrncir, H., Arnold, A. P., & Jentsch, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00201 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

XX sex chromosome complement modulates immune responses to heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae immunization in a microbiome-dependent manner

Amato-Menker, C. J., Hopen, Q., Pettit, A., Gandhi, J., Hu, G., Schafer, R., & Franko, J. (2024) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-024-00597-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Genetic variation in the Y chromosome and sex-biased DNA methylation in somatic cells in the mouse

Batdorj, E., AlOgayil, N., Zhuang, Q. K.-W., Gálvez, J. H., Bauermeister, K., Nagata, K., Kimura, T., Ward, M. A., Taketo, T., Bourque, G., et al. (2022) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-022-09970-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works

The role of gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes in sex-dependent effects of early nutrition on metabolic health

Christians, J. K., & Reue, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1304050 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Physiological basis for sex-specific differences in longevity

Cheng, C. J. A., & Nelson, J. F. (2018) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2018.04.003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

The mouse as a model of fundamental concepts related to Turner syndrome

Arnold, A. P. (2019) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31681 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Transcriptional analysis of the multiple Sry genes and developmental program at the onset of testis differentiation in the rat

Prokop, J. W., Chhetri, S. B., van Veen, J. E., Chen, X., Underwood, A. C., Uhl, K. L., Dwinell, M. R., Geurts, A. M., Correa, S. M., & Arnold, A. P. (2020) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00305-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Addressing Sex as a Biological Variable in Preclinical Models of Lung Disease: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement

Lingappan, K., Sundar, I. K., Prakash, Y. S., Redente, E. F., Sin, D. D., Han, M. K., Lahm, T., Krymskaya, V. P., Kotton, D. N., Kulkarni, H. S., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202506-1361st · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Androgenic steroids induce pathologic scarring in a preclinical porcine model via dysfunctional extracellular matrix deposition

Reiche, E., Keller, P. R., Soares, V. V., Schuster, C. R., Rahmayanti, S., Mroueh, J., Mroueh, V., Billaud, M., Hu, S., Hoover‐Watson, H., et al. (2024) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202302144rrr · Cited by 9 · see citing works

41, XXY * male mice: An animal model for Klinefelter syndrome

Wistuba, J., Beumer, C., Brehm, R., & Gromoll, J. (2020) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31796 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

A second X chromosome improves cognition in aging male and female micePreprint

Marino, F., Wang, D., Merrihew, G. E., MacCoss, M. J., & Dubal, D. B. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605328 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Sry-modified laboratory rat lines to study sex-chromosome effects underlying sex differences in physiology and disease: Four Core Genotypes and more

Arnold, A. P., Chen, X., Grzybowski, M. N., Ryan, J., Sengelaub, D. R., Mohanroy, T., Furlan, V. A., Schmidtke, H. R., Prokop, J. W., Tutaj, M., et al. (2026) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-026-00837-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Strategies for studying sex differences in brain aging

Ansere, V. A., Kim, S., Marino, F., Morillo, K. S., Dubal, D. B., Murphy, C. T., Suh, Y., & Benayoun, B. A. (2025) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2025.02.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Guidelines for sex-specific considerations to improve rigor in renal research and how we got there

Ilatovskaya, D. V., Ogola, B. O., Faulkner, J., Mamenko, M., Taylor, E. B., Dent, E. L., Ryan, M. J., & Sullivan, J. C. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00136.2024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

An Introduction to Epigenetics in Cardiovascular Development, Disease, and Sexualization

Cunningham, C. M., & Eghbali, M. (2018) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Gastrulation‐stage alcohol exposure induces similar rates of craniofacial malformations in male and female C57BL/6J mice

Boschen, K. E., Dragicevich, C. J., Fish, E. W., Hepperla, A. J., Simon, J. M., & Parnell, S. E. (2023) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.2292 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Paternal impact on the developmental programming of sexual dimorphism

Aljabali, S. M., Pai, S., & Teperino, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2024.1520783 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Sex-Based Mechanisms of Cardiac Development and Function: Applications for Induced-Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived-Cardiomyocytes

Luo, Y., Safabakhsh, S., Palumbo, A., Fiset, C., Shen, C., Parker, J., Foster, L. J., & Laksman, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25115964 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Integrating Sex Chromosome and Endocrine Theories to Improve Teaching of Sexual DifferentiationPreprint

Arnold, A. P. (2022) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a039057 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Analysis of genes implicated in non-obstructive azoospermia

Wang, J., Wang, S.-H., Wang, M., & Yang, J. (2025) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109583 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Biological sex, sex steroids and sex chromosomes contribute to mouse cardiac aging

Morin-Grandmont, A., Walsh‐Wilkinson, É., Labbé, E.-A., Thibodeau, S.-È., Dupont, É., Boudreau, D. K., Arsenault, M., Bossé, Y., & Couët, J. (2024) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.205822 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Sex differences in neurological and psychiatric diseases

Arnold, A. P., Abdulai-Saiku, S., Chesselet, M., Dubal, D. B., Gold, S. M., McCullough, L. D., Shaw, C. K., & Werling, D. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85654-6.00034-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Patient Experience, Gender, Age, Race, and Social Determinants of Health

Heitkemper, M. M., Larauche, M. H., Saito, Y. A., Staller, K. D., Harris, L. A., Walter, S., Ruddy, J., & Halpert, A. D. (2026) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2026.02.011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Inclusion of Sex as a Biological Variable in Biomedical Sciences at the Undergraduate Level and Beyond

Reue, K., & Arnold, A. P. (2023) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2022.0533 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Cardiac Sex Differences are Established Prior to Gonad FormationPreprint

Shi, W., Sheng, X., Dorr, K. M., Hutton, J. E., Davies, H. A., Andrade, T. D., Greco, T. M., Hashimoto, Y., Federspiel, J. D., Robbe, Z. L., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.319194 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Mouse Models for Evaluating Sex Chromosome Effects that Cause Sex Differences in Non‐Gonadal Tissues

Arnold, A. P. (2009) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01831.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works

Additional file 4: of A primer on the use of mouse models for identifying direct sex chromosome effects that cause sex differences in non-gonadal tissues

Burgoyne, P. S., & Arnold, A. P. (2016) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.4392929

Rethinking sex determination of non-gonadal tissues

Arnold, A. P. (2019) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.01.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

A general theory of sexual differentiation

Arnold, A. P. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23884 · Cited by 292 · see citing works

Additional file 3: of A primer on the use of mouse models for identifying direct sex chromosome effects that cause sex differences in non-gonadal tissues

Burgoyne, P. S., & Arnold, A. P. (2016) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.4392917