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Neighbourhood access to open spaces and the physical activity of residents: A national study
Abstract
Objective Increasing population levels of physical activity is high on the health agenda in many countries. There is some evidence that neighbourhood access to public open space can increase physical activity by providing easier and more direct access to opportunities for exercise. This national study examines the relationship between travel time access to parks and beaches, BMI and physical activity in New Zealand neighbourhoods.Methods Access to parks and beaches, measured in minutes taken by a car, was calculated for 38,350 neighbourhoods nationally using Geographic Information Systems. Multilevel regression analyses were used to establish the significance of access to these recreational amenities as a predictor of BMI, and levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in the 12,529 participants, living in 1178 neighbourhoods, of the New Zealand Health Survey 2002/3.Results Neighbourhood access to parks was not associated with BMI, sedentary behaviour or physical activity, after controlling for individual-level socio-economic variables, and neighbourhood-level deprivation and urban/rural status. There was some evidence of a relationship between beach access and BMI and physical activity in the expected direction.Conclusions This study found little evidence of an association between locational access to open spaces and physical activity.
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“Among adults, greater accessibility was generally, although not always, associated with more physical activity.28,337–342”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [342]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The health benefits of urban green spaces: a review of the evidence
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“59,81,82 Whilst there is some evidence and expert consensus to suggest that green spaces can facilitate physical activity, the evidence of a direct effect at present remains weak.”
BackgroundNature Contact and Human Health: A Research Agenda
Frumkin, H., Bratman, G. N., Breslow, S. J., Cochran, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Lawler, J. J., Levin, P. S., Tandon, P. S., Varanasi, U., Wolf, K. L., et al. (2017) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp1663 · Cited by 1,237
“…et al. 2011; Feda et al. 2015; Nielsen and Hansen 2007), and some studies have found weak or no association between nature contact and physical activity (Gubbels et al. 2016; Hillsdon et al. 2006; Witten et al. 2008), suggesting that physical activity only partially accounts for health benefits.”
BackgroundOutdoor blue spaces, human health and well-being: a systematic review of quantitative studies
Gascon, M., Zijlema, W., Vert, C., White, M. P., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2017) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.004 · Cited by 769
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“13 Previous New Zealand work found that better access to parks was not related to PA.(12) This suggests that physical activity levels are more closely linked to the greenness of the wider neighbourhood environment than the accessibility of green destinations.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGreenspace and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence
Lachowycz, K., & Jones, A. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00827.x · Cited by 603
“There was also variation by greenspace type, with relationships found only for access to beaches in New Zealand (62) and park playgrounds among children in Canada (31).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Witten, K., Hiscock, R., Pearce, J., & Blakely, T.
- Affiliations
- Massey University (NZ)
- University of Canterbury (NZ)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Witten, Karen
- Venue
- Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 299-303
- ISSN
- 0091-7435 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2121162238
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 7.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, body mass index, sedentary behavior, parks, beaches, neighborhood disadvantage, urban-rural differences, New Zealand
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Environment Design, Environmental Health, Female, Humans, Leisure Activities, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, New Zealand, Recreation, Regression Analysis, Residence Characteristics, Health Behavior, Exercise, Geographic Information Systems, Young Adult
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