Food Waste is Reduced when Elementary-School Children Have Recess before Lunch
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Having lunch before recess may decrease the amount of food students eat and the nutrients they need to function and learn throughout the school day.
“environmental or system-related factors, such as having lunch before recess may decrease the amount of food students are eating as well as the nutrients they need to function and learn throughout the school day (Bergman, Buergel, Englund, and Femrite, 2003;Getlinger, Laughlin, Bell, Akre, & Arjmandi, 1996;Ruppenthal & Hogue, 1977).”
From Modifying the Recess Before Lunch Program (2005) · cites this paper as Getlinger, Laughlin, Bell, Akre, & Arjmandi, 1996
Recess before lunch revealed positive benefits such as reduced plate waste, increased food and milk consumption, and improvement in overall lunchtime environment, student behavior, and classroom concentration.
“This variation in scheduling is of importance because recess before lunch revealed positive benefits such as reduced plate waste, increased food and milk consumption as well as an improvement in overall lunchtime environment, student behavior, and classroom concentration [6, 7, 8].”
From When to Eat and When to Play: Variations in Recess and Lunch Scheduling Within a State 40‐Min Recess Policy (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Other studies have found changes in food consumption.
“While others have found changes in food consumption, we did not find a significant difference [13,14,27].”
From Elementary school children’s recess schedule and dietary intake at lunch: a community-based participatory research partnership pilot study (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
The majority of children in the USA fail to meet national guidelines for fruit consumption by considerable margins.
“The majority of children in the USA fail to meet national guidelines for fruit consumption by considerable margins (57,59) .”
From ‘It's just so much waste.’ A qualitative investigation of food waste in a universal free School Breakfast Program (2015) · cites this paper as [57]
Cites
Plate waste in a hospital cook-freeze production system
FRAKES, E. M., Arjmandi, B. H., & Hailing, J. F. (1986) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)04051-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Food losses in food service institutions Examples from Sweden
Engström, R., & Carlsson-Kanyama, A. (2004) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2004.03.004 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The crucial role of recess in school
COUNCIL ON SCHOOL HEALTH, Murray, R., Ramstetter, C., Devore, C., Allison, M., Ancona, R., Barnett, S., Gunther, R., Holmes, B. W., Lamont, J., et al. (2013) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2993 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Default options, incentives and food choices: evidence from elementary-school children
Just, D., & Price, J. (2013) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980013001468 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Strategies to Improve School Meal Consumption: A Systematic Review
Cohen, J. F. W., Hecht, A. A., Hager, E. R., Turner, L., Burkholder, K., & Schwartz, M. B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103520 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Getlinger and associates also found overall reduction in food waste from 34.9% to 24.3% in one elementary school in Illinois [118] Strohbehn et al. used a combination of weighed plate waste and digital imagery in three elementary schools, similarly finding reduced waste for fruits, as well as grains and meat/meat alte…”
BackgroundInfluentialBlondin, S. A., Djang, H. C., Metayer, N., Anzman-Frasca, S., & Economos, C. D. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014002948 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Strategies to reduce plate waste in primary schools - experimental evaluation
Liz Martins, M., Rodrigues, S. S., Cunha, L. M., & Rocha, A. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015002797 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Lunch, recess and nutrition: Responding to time incentives in the cafeteria
Price, J., & Just, D. R. (2015) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.11.016 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Food intake may be determined by plate waste in a retirement living center
NICHOLS, P. J., PORTER, C., HAMMOND, L., & ARJMANDI, B. H. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90254-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationHunsberger, M., McGinnis, P., Smith, J., Beamer, B. A., & O’Malley, J. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-156 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Factors Associated with School Lunch Consumption: Reverse Recess and School “Brunch”
Chapman, L. E., Cohen, J., Canterberry, M., & Carton, T. W. (2017) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.04.016 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Time spent by schoolchildren to eat lunch
BERGMAN, E. A., BUERGEL, N. S., JOSEPH, E., & SANCHEZ, A. (2000) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00202-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Students consuming sack lunches devote more time to eating than those consuming school lunches
BUERGEL, N. S., BERGMAN, E. A., KNUTSON, A. C., & LINDAAS, M. A. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90282-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Modifying the Recess Before Lunch Program
Tanaka, C., Richards, K. L., Takeuchi, L. S. L., Otani, M., & Maddock, J. (2005) · Californian Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.32398/cjhp.v3i4.1776 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Calvert, H. G., Ohri-Vachaspati, P., McQuilkin, M., Boedeker, P., & Turner, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168558 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bjornsen, M. A., Perryman, K. L., Cameron, L., Thomas, H., & Howie, E. K. (2024) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2024.2313021 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Howie, E. K., Harden, S. M., Lemus, J., Stone, B., Barr‐Anderson, D. J., & Long, C. R. (2025) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.70055 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- GETLINGER, M. J., LAUGHLIN, C. V. T., BELL, E., AKRE, C., & ARJMANDI, B. H.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Agriculture (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-09
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 906-908
- ISSN
- 0002-8223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1980985505
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Waste Reduction and Sustainability
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Keywords
- food waste, elementary school students, recess, school meals, child nutrition, meal timing
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child, Preschool, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Services, Humans, Male, Time Factors, United States, Exercise, United States Department of Agriculture
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