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Graves' disease: An analysis of thyroid hormone levels and hyperthyroid signs and symptoms
Abstract
Purpose Assessment of disease severity for patients with hyperthyroidism involves clinical evaluation and laboratory testing. To determine if there is a correlation between symptoms and thyroid function test results, we prospectively studied hyperthyroid patients using a standardized symptom rating scale and serum thyroid function parameters.Patients and methods We examined 25 patients with untreated, newly diagnosed Graves' disease using the Hyperthyroid Symptom Scale (HSS) and serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) relative insulin area (RIA), and estimates of free thyroxine index (FTI). In addition, we compared thyroid hormone levels with standard measures of depression and anxiety in these patients.Results When regression analyses controlling for age were performed, none of these symptom ratings were associated with FTI or T3 RIA. The HSS was correlated with goiter size and anxiety ratings and was inversely correlated with age.Conclusion The present study suggests that there is no relationship between the clinical assessment of disease severity and serum levels of thyroid hormone in untreated Graves' disease.
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“in one small study of 25 patients with GD, the Hyperthyroid Symptom Scale did not strongly correlate with free T 4 or T 3 and was inversely correlated with age (28).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Symptoms and signs that result from increased adrenergic stimulation include tachycardia and anxiety and may be more pronounced in younger patients and those with larger goiters (28).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Symptoms and signs that result from increased adrenergic stimulation include tachycardia and anxiety and may be more pronounced in younger patients and those with larger goiters (28).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Trzepacz, P. T., Klein, I., Roberts, M., Greenhouse, J., & Levey, G. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1989-11
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 558-561
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1964720297
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (2 M01, R29 MA44964-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Keywords
- Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism, disease severity, thyroid function tests, free thyroxine index, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, goiter size, anxiety, depression, untreated hyperthyroidism
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Graves Disease, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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