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Graves' disease: An analysis of thyroid hormone levels and hyperthyroid signs and symptoms
Abstract
Purpose Assessment of disease severity for patients with hyperthyroidism involves clinical evaluation and laboratory testing. To determine if there is a correlation between symptoms and thyroid function test results, we prospectively studied hyperthyroid patients using a standardized symptom rating scale and serum thyroid function parameters.Patients and methods We examined 25 patients with untreated, newly diagnosed Graves' disease using the Hyperthyroid Symptom Scale (HSS) and serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) relative insulin area (RIA), and estimates of free thyroxine index (FTI). In addition, we compared thyroid hormone levels with standard measures of depression and anxiety in these patients.Results When regression analyses controlling for age were performed, none of these symptom ratings were associated with FTI or T3 RIA. The HSS was correlated with goiter size and anxiety ratings and was inversely correlated with age.Conclusion The present study suggests that there is no relationship between the clinical assessment of disease severity and serum levels of thyroid hormone in untreated Graves' disease.
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“in one small study of 25 patients with GD, the Hyperthyroid Symptom Scale did not strongly correlate with free T 4 or T 3 and was inversely correlated with age (28).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Symptoms and signs that result from increased adrenergic stimulation include tachycardia and anxiety and may be more pronounced in younger patients and those with larger goiters (28).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ross, D. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Greenlee, M. C., Laurberg, P., Maia, A. L., Rivkees, S. A., Samuels, M., Sosa, J. A., Stan, M. N., et al. (2016) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229 · Cited by 2,938
“Symptoms and signs that result from increased adrenergic stimulation include tachycardia and anxiety and may be more pronounced in younger patients and those with larger goiters (28).”
BackgroundBahn, R. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Garber, J. R., Greenlee, M. C., Klein, I., Laurberg, P., McDougall, I. R., Montori, V. M., Rivkees, S. A., et al. (2011) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.17.3.456 · Cited by 1,098
Self-citationThe American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Taskforce on Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis, Bahn, R. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Garber, J. R., Greenlee, M. C., Klein, I., Laurberg, P., McDougall, I. R., Montori, V. M., et al. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0417 · Cited by 898
Self-citationCooper, D. S. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14073-1 · Cited by 384
Differences in the Signs and Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism in Older and Younger Patients
Trivalle, C., Doucet, J., Chassagne, P., Landrin, I., Kadri, N., Ménard, J.-F., & Bercoff, E. (1996) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb05637.x · Cited by 222
Metadata
- Authors
- Trzepacz, P. T., Klein, I., Roberts, M., Greenhouse, J., & Levey, G. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1989-11
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 558-561
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1964720297
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (2 M01, R29 MA44964-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Keywords
- Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism, disease severity, thyroid function tests, free thyroxine index, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, goiter size, anxiety, depression, untreated hyperthyroidism
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Graves Disease, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine
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