The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Treatment of acrophobia in virtual reality: The role of immersion and presence
Abstract
In this study the effects of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) were investigated in patients with acrophobia. Feelings of presence in VRET were systematically varied by using either a head-mounted display (HMD) (low presence) or a computer automatic virtual environment (CAVE) (high presence). VRET in general was found to be more effective than no treatment. No differences were found in effectiveness between VRET using an HMD or CAVE. Results were maintained at 6 months follow-up. Results of VRET were comparable with those of exposure in vivo (Cyberpsychology and Behavior 4 (2001) 335). In treatment completers no relationship was found between presence and anxiety. Early drop-outs experienced less acrophobic complaints and psychopathology in general at pre-test. They also experienced less presence and anxiety in the virtual environment used in session one as compared to patients that completed VRET.
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“based on evidence which reported attrition levels between 16.9% and 26.0%60 and reporting dropout rates of up to 41.4%.61”
In the citing paper
“However, studies show unclear relationships between presence and emotions. Some studies found significant positive correlations, [56,57], some did not [54,58,59], and some even found negative correlations [60,61].”
From Recent Progress in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“In fact, the authors found that participants who dropped out early experienced less presence and did not feel anxiety in the virtual environment, compared to completer patients.”
From Recent Progress in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“Krijn et al. [54] manipulated presence using a head-mounted display (HMD) (low presence) or a computerized automatic virtual environment (CAVE) (high presence), finding no differences between the two conditions in the efficacy of VRET for acrophobia.”
From Recent Progress in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“a 2004 study on acrophobia exposure experimentally assigned participants to experiencing VR exposure with either a low-presence HMD or a high-presence CAVE, and despite finding the expected difference in presence scores, the groups did not differ on outcomes (although it should be noted that this contrast was low powered) (Krijn et al. 2004).”
From Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Krijn et al. 2004
In the citing paper
“However, efforts to increase the sense of presence have not always led to higher levels of anxiety [25].”
From A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Existing published studies show mixed results. While some studies have found significant positive correlations between self-reported presence and anxiety in VRET [23], [24], some have not [25], [26]. Some studies even found negative correlations between presence and anxiety [27], [28].”
From A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, as the lack of emotional response has been reported as a potential cause for dropouts in VRET [25], [87], and the use of advanced technology increases the correlation between presence and anxiety, we would expect lower amount of dropouts in VRET by using advanced technology.”
From A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
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The Embodiment of Photorealistic Avatars Influences Female Body Weight Perception in Virtual Reality
Wolf, E., Merdan, N., Döllinger, N., Mal, D., Wienrich, C., Botsch, M., & Latoschik, M. E. (2021) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr50410.2021.00027 · Cited by 46
“A high feeling of presence is known to cause behavioral, cognitive, and emotional reactions to the content of the world that are fundamental for therapeutic scenarios [11,27].”
BackgroundCould virtual reality be effective in treating children with phobias?
Bouchard, S. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.196 · Cited by 42
Landowska, A., Roberts, D., Eachus, P., & Barrett, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00362 · Cited by 43
“, 2011), other studies failed to demonstrate such a relationship (Krijn et al., 2004).”
ResultUsing a preamble to increase presence in digital virtual environments
Smolentsev, A., Cornick, J. E., & Blascovich, J. (2017) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-017-0305-4 · Cited by 41
“In addition, higher presence enhances the effectiveness of a DVE, such as in entertainment or therapeutic applications (Klimmt and Vorderer 2003; Krijn et al. 2004).”
BackgroundUsefulness of the Mobile Virtual Reality Self-Training for Overcoming a Fear of Heights
Hong, Y.-J., Kim, H. E., Jung, Y. H., Kyeong, S.-H., & Kim, J. (2017) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0085 · Cited by 44
Kelly, N. J., Hallam, J. L., & Bignell, S. (2022) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-022-00719-2 · Cited by 40
“These do indeed differ, for example the Temple Presence Inventory concerns itself with social presence, compared with the ITC establishing a cross-media measurement.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBrinkman, W., van der Mast, C. P. A. G., Guntur Sandino, C., Gunawan, L. T., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2010) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2010.03.005 · Cited by 40
Self-citationOpen-ViBE: A Three Dimensional Platform for Real-Time Neuroscience
Arrouët, C., Congedo, M., Marvie, J., Lamarche, F., Lécuyer, A., & Arnaldi, B. (2005) · Journal of Neurotherapy · doi:10.1300/j184v09n01_02 · Cited by 39
“VR can also be used to treat patients suffering from specific phobias (e.g., claustrophobia;Krijn et al., 2004).”
BackgroundL’utilisation de la réalité virtuelle dans le traitement des troubles mentaux
Malbos, É., Boyer, L., & Lançon, C. (2013) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2013.01.065 · Cited by 39
“Les effets thérapeutiques furent similaires pour ces deux supports [26].”
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“High stimuli realism, sufficient personal relevance, and strong engagement have been suggested as the most significant factors contributing to immersion and presence leading to a successful elicitation [1][4][5][6].”
BackgroundBessa, M., Melo, M., de Sousa, A. A., & Vasconcelos-Raposo, J. (2017) · Computers & Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.cag.2017.11.003 · Cited by 37
Virtual reality interventions for the treatment of anxiety disorders: A scoping review
Andersen, N. J., Schwartzman, D., Martinez, C., Cormier, G., & Drapeau, M. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101851 · Cited by 37
Using virtual reality to train inhibitory control and reduce binge eating: A proof-of-concept study
Manasse, S. M., Lampe, E. W., Juarascio, A. S., Zhu, J., & Forman, E. M. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104988 · Cited by 36
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THE EFFECT OF LOCOMOTION TECHNIQUE ON PRESENCE, FEAR AND USABILITY IN A VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT
Abel, B. (2005) · Cited by 35
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of treatments for acrophobia
Arroll, B., Wallace, H. B., Mount, V., Humm, S. P., & Kingsford, D. W. (2017) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja16.00540 · Cited by 35
Description of a Treatment Manual for in virtuo Exposure with Specific Phobia
Bouchard, S., Robillard, G., Larouche, S., & Loranger, C. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/46417 · Cited by 35
Effects on User Experience in an Edutainment Virtual Environment
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“The CAVE seems to provide greater presence, immersion and emotion [9], greater skill and less experience consequence [15] compared to a HMD.”
BackgroundVirtual reality exposure therapy for social phobia
Herbelin, B. (2005) · Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) · doi:10.5075/epfl-thesis-3351 · Cited by 34
“Moreover, as similar observations were made relatively to very different phobias such as acrophobia or arachnophobia (Krijn et al., 2004; Renaud et al., 2002a), we believe that our conclusions can be applied to many anxiety disorders.”
Virtual Reality for Anxiety Disorders: Rethinking a Field in Expansion
Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Lernia, D. D., & Riva, G. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_21 · Cited by 35
Individual Differences in the Sense of Presence
Alsina-Jurnet, I., Carvallo-Beciu, C., & Gutiérrez‐Maldonado, J. (2005) · Cited by 33
Kritikos, I., Tzannetos, G., Zoitaki, C., Poulopoulou, S., & Koutsouris, D. (2019) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2019.8717170 · Cited by 34
“VRET can provide an equally realistic environment and make the user feel present to the same extent as Standard ET can [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialWoaH: A Virtual Reality Work-at-Height Simulator
Loreto, C. D., Chardonnet, J.-R., Ryard, J., & Rousseau, A. (2018) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2018.8448292 · Cited by 32
“Some studies found contradictory results on the relation between presence and anxiety [1, 6, 22, 26, 32].”
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Physiological measures and self-report to evaluate neutral virtual reality worlds
Busscher, B., Vliegher, D. D., Ling, Y., & Brinkman, W. (2011) · Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) · Cited by 32
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: The State of the Art
Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2011) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17824-5_4 · Cited by 31
“In another study [ 18 ] patients with acrophobia were randomly assigned to either”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationVirtual Environments Using Video Capture for Social Phobia with Psychosis
Gega, L., White, R. T., Clarke, T., Turner, R., & Fowler, D. G. (2013) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.1510 · Cited by 33
“A sense of presence in virtual reality has been suggested as a necessary ingredient for successful exposure therapy,(32,33) though not all studies have supported this.(34) The usefulness of our VE system may depend not on how real it feels but on whether it can help patients capture thoughts and change behaviors assoc…”
BackgroundJeon, S., Han, J., Jo, Y., & Han, K. (2019) · ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST) · doi:10.1145/3359996.3364268 · Cited by 30
“…tension and fear through VR technology has been done in many domains (e.g., fear of heights, public announcements) [Botella et al. 2007; Flobak et al. 2019; Harris et al. 2002; Krijn et al. 2004; Mühlberger et al. 2001; Opriş et al. 2012; Parsons and Rizzo 2008; Wiederhold and Wiederhold 2005].”
BackgroundGriffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & de Gortari, A. B. O. (2013) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-3990-4.ch003 · Cited by 31
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: 150-Degree Screen to Desktop PC
Tichon, J., & Banks, J. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.480 · Cited by 30
“…accepted that equipment such as HMDs and 180-degrees-wide screens are more successful in evoking presence than equipment such as a desktop PC. 20 However, despite the advantages of high-end three-dimensional imaging technology it can still be prohibitively expensive and the size of the…”
InfluentialoVRcome – Self-guided virtual reality for specific phobias: A randomised controlled trial
Lacey, C. J., Frampton, C. M., & Beaglehole, B. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221110779 · Cited by 29
“…to more expensive VR devices typically only available in research or clinical settings, usually with much higher level of clinician involvement (Botella et al., 2016; Emmelkamp et al., 2002; GarciaPalacios et al., 2007; Krijn et al., 2004; Michaliszyn et al., 2010; Muhlberger et al., 2003).”
BackgroundLearning by teaching in immersive virtual reality – Absorption tendency increases learning outcomes
Chiquet, S., Martarelli, C., Weibel, D., & Mast, F. W. (2022) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101716 · Cited by 29
Kakoschke, N., Page, R., de Courten, B. V., Verdejo‐García, A., & McCormack, J. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102626 · Cited by 30
Jin, X., Meneely, J., & Park, N. (2021) · Journal of Interior Design · doi:10.1111/joid.12209 · Cited by 28
Virtual reality assessments (VRAs): Exploring the reliability and validity of evaluations in VR
Sanchez, D. R., Weiner, E., & Zelderen, A. P. A. V. (2022) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12369 · Cited by 31
Zeka, F., Clemmensen, L., Valmaggia, L., Veling, W., Hjorthøj, C. R., & Glenthøj, L. B. (2024) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13777 · Cited by 30
“…were identified for specific phobias (SP), including seven studies on fear of flying [51–56], three on fear of spiders [57–59], three on acrophobia [60–62], one on dental phobia [63], and one on blood injection injury phobia [64], involving a total of 750 participants (mean age 37, 46) [51–53 ,”
Virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of driving phobia
da Costa, R. T., de Carvalho, M. R., & Nardi, A. E. (2010) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s0102-37722010000100015 · Cited by 27
“A successful virtual experience provides users with a sense of presence, as though they were physically immersed in the virtual environment (Gregg & Tarrier, 2007; Krijn et al., 2004; Krijn, Emmelkamp, Olafsson & Biemond, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialPala, P. A., Cavallo, V., Dang, N., Granié, M.-A., Schneider, S., Maruhn, P., & Bengler, K. J. (2021) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2021.106004 · Cited by 27
Zhu, H. Y., Chen, H., & Lin, C. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2021.3134412 · Cited by 31
“Later studies [14], [40] began to emphasise the importance”
BackgroundVirtual reality exposure therapy for treatment of dental phobia
Gujjar, K. R., Sharma, R., & Jongh, A. D. (2017) · Dental Update · doi:10.12968/denu.2017.44.5.423 · Cited by 26
Kritikos, I., Zoitaki, C., Tzannetos, G., Mehmeti, A., Douloudi, M., Nikolaou, G., Alevizopoulos, G., & Koutsouris, D. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20051244 · Cited by 27
“Key factors of the ability of VR to stimulate fear are the concepts of presence and immersion [17].”
BackgroundChen, J., Xie, Z., & Or, C. K. (2021) · Health and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12553-021-00561-7 · Cited by 26
“Of the 47 studies, two studies [41, 50] had two groups of participants using VR, with one group of participants using HMD and the other group of participants using CAVE, therefore, these two studies were split into two experiments respectively; one study [54] examined the effects of VR in treating…”
ResultActive numerical model of human body for reconstruction of falls from height
Milanowicz, M., & Kȩdzior, K. (2016) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.10.009 · Cited by 26
Virtual reality as a platform for research in gambling behaviour
Dickinson, P., Gerling, K., Wilson, L., & Parke, A. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106293 · Cited by 28
“Help! I’m Afraid of Driving!” Review of Driving Fear and its Treatment
Fischer, C. S., Heider, J., Schröder, A., & Taylor, J. E. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10054-7 · Cited by 25
Virtual Reality and the Training of Military Personnel to Cope with Acute Stressors
Bouchard, S., Guitard, T., Bernier, F. P., & Robillard, G. (2011) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17824-5_6 · Cited by 24
“It is important to highlight here the conclusion that CAVE-like system reliably produces more presence than HMD technology, which are superior to desktop display [61-63].”
BackgroundVirtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Meyerbröker, K. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch63 · Cited by 23
Spagnolli, A., Bracken, C. C., & Orso, V. (2014) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-013-0241-x · Cited by 23
“1 This must not be mistaken with anxiety levels that index the success in the treatment, as in [40] [65] and [83] .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExploring the Benefits of Immersive End User Development for Virtual Reality
Zarraonandía, T., Díaz, P., Montero, Á., & Aedo, I. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48746-5_46 · Cited by 22
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11 The Experience of Presence in Persuasive Virtual Environments
Riva, G., Waterworth, J. A., & Murray, D. M. (2014) · doi:10.2478/9783110409697.11 · Cited by 21
Alghamdi, M. A., Regenbrecht, H. T., Hoermann, S., & Swain, N. (2017) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2017.1311374 · Cited by 21
“VR can appear in a variety of forms depending on the hardware and software being used (Krijn et al. 2004), ranging from non-immer-sive desktop-monitor systems to so-called CAVE instal-lations, which are highly immersive, mainly due to the surroundedness of the users.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMachulska, A., Eiler, T. J., Grünewald, A., Brück, R., Jahn, K., Niehaves, B., Ullrich, H., & Klucken, T. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4098-5 · Cited by 20
Qu, C., Brinkman, W., Wiggers, P., & Heynderickx, I. E. J. (2013) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres_a_00143 · Cited by 20
A cognitive model for emotional regulation in virtual reality exposure
Takac, M., Collett, J., Conduit, R., & Foe, A. D. (2021) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-021-00531-4 · Cited by 21
Andersson, J., Hallin, J., Tingström, A., & Knutsson, J. (2024) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2023.2279643 · Cited by 18
“One reason found in previous research [12,30] for participants dropping out from treatment in VRET were low immersion and associated lack of fear activation in the participants.”
BackgroundPlayful User-Generated Treatment
Alexandrovsky, D., Volkmar, G., Spliethöver, M., Finke, S., Herrlich, M., Döring, T., Smeddinck, J. D., & Malaka, R. (2020) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3410404.3414222 · Cited by 20
“A substantial body of research has applied psycho-physiological measures in the process of VRET and reported on studies that showed effectiveness of exposure in VR and VRET as viable options for treatment of claustrophobia [18, 75], fear of heights [40, 48, 61, 69], fear of flying [71], anxiety disorder [54, 70], and…”
BackgroundJeon, Y. A. (2022) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) · doi:10.1109/vrw55335.2022.00068 · Cited by 18
Utilizing Presence in Augmented-Reality Applications to Improve Learning Outcomes
Richey, S. (2018) · Performance Improvement Journal · doi:10.1002/pfi.21773 · Cited by 19
Chou, P., Tseng, P., Wu, Y., Chang, J. P., Tu, Y., Stubbs, B., Carvalho, A. F., Lin, P.-Y., Chen, Y.-W., & Su, K. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.172 · Cited by 20
Virtual Reality Interventions for Mental Health
Kothgassner, O. D., Reichmann, A., & Bock, M. M. (2023) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2023_419 · Cited by 19
Clifford, R., McKenzie, T., Lukosch, S. G., Lindeman, R. W., & Hoermann, S. (2020) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) · doi:10.1109/vrw50115.2020.00023 · Cited by 17
“Experiments involving VR technology comparisons and sense of presence have shown that higher immersive CAVE or DiVE systems offer greater presence than HMD systems [15–17], but not always [1].”
BackgroundA virtual reality platform for memory evaluation: Assessing effects of spatial strategies
Rodríguez, M. F., Butavand, D. R., Cifuentes, M. V., Bekinschtein, P., Ballarini, F., & Bauza, C. G. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01758-4 · Cited by 17
“VR has been used in research for different purposes such as phobia treatment (Gromer et al., 2018; Krijn et al., 2004; Rahani et al., 2018), in patients with vestibular dysfunction (Lubetzky & Hujsak, 2018), and also as a treatment for patients with anxiety disorders (for meta-analysis see Powers &…”
MethodElectroencephalography correlates of fear of heights in a virtual reality environment
Apicella, A., Barbato, S., Chacón, L. A. B., D’Errico, G., Paolis, L. T. D., Maffei, L., Massaro, P., Mastrati, G., Moccaldi, N., Pollastro, A., et al. (2023) · ACTA IMEKO · doi:10.21014/actaimeko.v12i2.1457 · Cited by 17
Virtual reality applications for chronic conditions management: A review.
Hajesmaeel‐Gohari, S., Gozali, E., & Kalhori, S. R. N. (2019) · PubMed Central · doi:10.34171/mjiri.33.67 · Cited by 17
“Krijn M, et al (53) 2003 Head-Mounted Display (HMD),computer automatic virtual environment (CAVE) Acrophobia Thirty R”
BackgroundPhysiological acrophobia evaluation through in vivo exposure in a VR CAVE
Costa, J. P., Robb, J., & Nacke, L. E. (2014) · IEEE Games, Entertainment, Media Conference (GEM) · doi:10.1109/gem.2014.7047969 · Cited by 17
“By using a computer-assisted virtual environment (CAVE), we aim to help users learn to control their anxiety by exposing them to increasing levels of height in a controlled setting, which has also been attempted in previous work [1, 7].”
MethodWesemann, U., Kowalski, J. T., Jacobsen, T., Beudt, S., Jacobs, H., Fehr, J., Büchler, J., & Zimmermann, P. L. (2016) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-15-00100 · Cited by 17
Anksiyete Bozukluklarında Sanal Gerçeklik
Üzümcü, E., Akın-Sarı, B., Nergız, H., İnözü, M., & Çelikcan, U. (2017) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.336593 · Cited by 16
Auditory-Visual Integration of Emotional Signals in a Virtual Environment for Cynophobia
Taffou, M., Chapoulie, E., David, A., Guerchouche, R., George Drettakis, B., & Viaud‐Delmon, I. (2012) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-121-2-238 · Cited by 16
Dilgul, M., Martinez, J., Laxhman, N., Priebe, S., & Bird, V. (2020) · Consortium Psychiatricum · doi:10.17650/2712-7672-2020-1-1-30-46 · Cited by 20
Cullen, A. J., Dowling, N. L., Segrave, R. A., Morrow, J. P., Carter, A., & Yücel, M. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01543-3 · Cited by 20
Arnfred, B. T., Svendsen, J. K., Adjorlu, A., & Horthøj, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2023.952741 · Cited by 16
“Only four studies utilized the actual physical movement of the patient in therapy (Krijn et al., 2004; Whitney, 2005; Meyerbröker et al., 2018; Reitmaier et al., 2022) and the method for interacting was also generally outdated, with no studies utilizing body tracking.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialScheveneels, S., Engelhard, I. M., & Meyerbröker, K. (2024) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026241267945 · Cited by 18
Evaluation of the Relationship Between Virtual Environments and Emotions
Oliveira, T., Noriega, P., Rebelo, F., & Heidrich, R. D. O. (2017) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60582-1_8 · Cited by 18
Bourrelier, J., Fautrelle, L., Haratyk, E., Manckoundia, P., Merienne, F., Mourey, F., & Kubicki, A. (2021) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics6030072 · Cited by 15
“The immersive degree plays a crucial role in the representation of real-world situations, allowing for the assessment of the real behaviour of patients in front of stimuli [23].”
BackgroundApports de la réalité virtuelle à la prise en charge de troubles cognitifs et comportementauxPreprint
Klinger, É. (2006) · HAL · Cited by 15
Vairamani, A. D. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394167586.ch3 · Cited by 19
Jeon, S., Paik, S., Yang, U., Shih, P. C., & Han, K. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21217193 · Cited by 14
“This survey has been broadly applied in many VR studies and has been proved to be an appropriate inventory to scale presence [34–37].”
MethodMultisensory Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Marquardt, A., Trepkowski, C., Maiero, J., Kruijff, E., & Hinkenjann, A. (2018) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2018.8446553 · Cited by 14
“These include different kinds of phobia like social phobia [1, 9], spider phobia [3,4], fear of heights [8,11] or the fear of flying [12,13].”
BackgroundVirtual reality as treatment for fear of flying: A review of recent research.
Price, M. S., Anderson, P., & Rothbaum, B. (2008) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100864 · Cited by 17
“There have been several preliminary studies investigating the utility of VRE in other anxiety disorders with promising results (Krijn, Emmelkamp, Olafsson et al., 2004).”
BackgroundApplication of 'Virtual Realities' in Psychotherapy: Possibilities, Limitations and Effectiveness
Eichenberg, C. (2010) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/12914 · Cited by 14
“Krijn et al. (2004) found no differences in effectiveness regarding the dependence upon different levels of presence, i.”
BackgroundWannemueller, A., Gruszka, P., Chwalek, S., Fröhlich, S., Mulders, M., Schaumburg, S., Schöttes, J., Wiederhold, S., & Margraf, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02411 · Cited by 13
Raffegeau, T. E., Young, W. R., Fino, P. C., & Williams, A. M. (2022) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/36325 · Cited by 14
“The immersive VR program trains soldiers to compensate and adapt to their PTSD symptoms over time with prolonged exposure to threatening stimuli in VR, guided by evidence from successful VR treatments leveraging exposure therapy for specific phobias [69,117].”
BackgroundResultApplications of 3D Simulation in Mental Health: Utilities and New Developments
Torres, J. A. C., Cangas, A. J., & Langer, A. I. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/29597 · Cited by 12
“Something else observed in other studies regarding the effectiveness of this type of treatment in people with acrophobia, is that these results are maintained in follow-ups after several months (Krijn et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultKritikos, I., Poulopoulou, S., Zoitaki, C., Douloudi, M., & Koutsouris, D. (2019) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25872-6_18 · Cited by 13
Kamińska, D., Zwoliński, G., Laska-Leśniewicz, A., & Coelho, L. P. (2021) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8371-5.ch001 · Cited by 12
A brief treatment for fear of heights
Arroll, B., Henwood, S. M., Sundram, F., Kingsford, D. W., Mount, V., Humm, S. P., Wallace, H. B., & Pillai, A. (2017) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/0091217417703285 · Cited by 12
Evaluation of the quality of collaboration between the client and the therapist in phobia treatments
Wrzesien, M., Burkhardt, J., Botella, C., & Alcañíz, M. (2012) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2012.09.001 · Cited by 12
Best practices for cross-platform virtual reality development
Schlueter, J., Baiotto, H., Hoover, M., Kalivarapu, V., Evans, G., & Winer, E. H. (2017) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2262718 · Cited by 12
Exploring the use of virtual learning environments to support science learning in autistic students
Cecil, J., Sweet-Darter, M., & Cecil-Xavier, A. (2017) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2017.8190490 · Cited by 12
Virtual Reality and Anxiety Disorders Treatment: Evolution and Future Perspectives
Serrano, B., Botella, C., Wiederhold, B. K., & Baños, R. (2019) · Virtual reality technologies for health and clinical applications · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9482-3_3 · Cited by 12
Brinkman, W., Guntur Sandino, C., & van der Mast, C. P. A. G. (2009) · doi:10.5555/1690508.1690532 · Cited by 12
van Veelen, N., Boonekamp, R., Schoonderwoerd, T., van Emmerik, M. L., Nijdam, M. J., Bruinsma, B., Geuze, E., Jones, C., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.740795 · Cited by 11
“Clarity surrounding this relationship would be valuable for the future development of tailored immersion (Krijn et al., 2004; Visch et al., 2010; Gromer et al., 2018; van Gelderen et al., 2020c).”
BackgroundFirst-Person View Drones and the FPV Pilot User Experience
Tezza, D., & Andujar, M. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06509-5_28 · Cited by 11
Feasibility of using virtual reality in geriatric psychiatry
Just, S. A., Lütt, A., Siegle, P., & Döring‐Brandl, E. J. (2024) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.6060 · Cited by 10
“25 It is not yet sufficiently understood how the sense of presence is related to either cyber/motion sickness (discomfort, such as nausea or dizziness), or age.”
BackgroundMoon, D. U., Lütt, A., Kim, H., Seong, S., Park, K. R., Choi, J., Kim, M., & Jeon, H. J. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.04.047 · Cited by 11
Brice, D., Gibson, Z., McGuinness, F., & Rafferty, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.707731 · Cited by 9
“5 Measurements Similarly to many other studies Rinck and Becker (2007); Pflugshaupt et al. (2005); Teachman et al. (2001) participants’ fear of spiders was assessed using the FSQ.”
MethodResultInfluentialStress Inducing Demands in Virtual Environments
Finseth, T., Barnett, N. P., Shirtcliff, E. A., Dorneich, M. C., & Keren, N. (2018) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931218621466 · Cited by 9
“VR has been shown to be effective for treating fear of heights (Krijn et al., 2004), fear of flying (Rothbaum et al., 2006), claustrophobia (Botella et al., 2000) and spider phobia (Garcia-Palacios et al., 2002).”
BackgroundVirtual Reality Applications for the Treatment of Anxiety and Mental Disorders
Safikhani, S., Pirker, J., & Wriessnegger, S. C. (2021) · International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) · doi:10.23919/ilrn52045.2021.9459356 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Biemond, R., de Wilde de Ligny, C., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Krijn, Merel
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 229-239
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2101484768
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- acrophobia, virtual reality exposure therapy, presence, immersion, head-mounted displays, caves, treatment outcomes, treatment discontinuation, anxiety, phobia treatment
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Computer Simulation, Conditioning, Psychological, Female, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Treatment Outcome
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