The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Treatment of acrophobia in virtual reality: The role of immersion and presence
Abstract
In this study the effects of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) were investigated in patients with acrophobia. Feelings of presence in VRET were systematically varied by using either a head-mounted display (HMD) (low presence) or a computer automatic virtual environment (CAVE) (high presence). VRET in general was found to be more effective than no treatment. No differences were found in effectiveness between VRET using an HMD or CAVE. Results were maintained at 6 months follow-up. Results of VRET were comparable with those of exposure in vivo (Cyberpsychology and Behavior 4 (2001) 335). In treatment completers no relationship was found between presence and anxiety. Early drop-outs experienced less acrophobic complaints and psychopathology in general at pre-test. They also experienced less presence and anxiety in the virtual environment used in session one as compared to patients that completed VRET.
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In the citing paper
“based on evidence which reported attrition levels between 16.9% and 26.0%60 and reporting dropout rates of up to 41.4%.61”
In the citing paper
“However, studies show unclear relationships between presence and emotions. Some studies found significant positive correlations, [56,57], some did not [54,58,59], and some even found negative correlations [60,61].”
From Recent Progress in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“In fact, the authors found that participants who dropped out early experienced less presence and did not feel anxiety in the virtual environment, compared to completer patients.”
From Recent Progress in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“Krijn et al. [54] manipulated presence using a head-mounted display (HMD) (low presence) or a computerized automatic virtual environment (CAVE) (high presence), finding no differences between the two conditions in the efficacy of VRET for acrophobia.”
From Recent Progress in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“a 2004 study on acrophobia exposure experimentally assigned participants to experiencing VR exposure with either a low-presence HMD or a high-presence CAVE, and despite finding the expected difference in presence scores, the groups did not differ on outcomes (although it should be noted that this contrast was low powered) (Krijn et al. 2004).”
From Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Krijn et al. 2004
In the citing paper
“However, efforts to increase the sense of presence have not always led to higher levels of anxiety [25].”
From A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Existing published studies show mixed results. While some studies have found significant positive correlations between self-reported presence and anxiety in VRET [23], [24], some have not [25], [26]. Some studies even found negative correlations between presence and anxiety [27], [28].”
From A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, as the lack of emotional response has been reported as a potential cause for dropouts in VRET [25], [87], and the use of advanced technology increases the correlation between presence and anxiety, we would expect lower amount of dropouts in VRET by using advanced technology.”
From A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
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“In other studies and (7), this VRET system is used for fundamental research on the influence of patient navigation control modes walk-in-place, trackball, and gaze-directed steering (4), and the influence of patient-versus-therapist navigation control on the patient's presence.”
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“Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate in a separate experiment how presence is best achieved on such devices (e.g., using motion acceleration sensors to add motion parallax).”
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“This approach is supported by literature in the field of immersion studies (Schubert, Friedmann, & Regenbrecht, 2001) (Krijn, Emmelkamp, Biemond, de Ligny, Schuemie, & van der Mast, 2004) (Slater, Lotto, Arnold, & Sanchez-Vives, 2009) (McMahan, 2003) which identify immersion as the objective…”
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“…control and realistic exposure has positioned VR height simulations as an essential tool for fundamental research and clinical applications, such as exposure therapy for individuals with visual height intolerance (Krijn et al. 2004; Schniepp et al. 2014; Wuehr et al. 2019; Zhu et al. 2024).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Biemond, R., de Wilde de Ligny, C., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Krijn, Merel
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 229-239
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2101484768
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- acrophobia, virtual reality exposure therapy, presence, immersion, head-mounted displays, caves, treatment outcomes, treatment discontinuation, anxiety, phobia treatment
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Computer Simulation, Conditioning, Psychological, Female, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Treatment Outcome
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