Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low-budget virtual reality (VR) exposure versus exposure in vivo in a between-group design in 33 patients suffering from acrophobia. The virtual environments used in treatment were exactly copied from the real environments used in the exposure in vivo program. VR exposure was found to be as effective as exposure in vivo on anxiety and avoidance as measured with the Acrophobia Questionnaire (AQ), the Attitude Towards Heights Questionnaire (ATHQ) and the Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT). Results were maintained up to six months follow-up. The present study shows that VR exposure can be effective with relatively cheap hardware and software on stand-alone computers currently on the market. Further studies into the effectiveness of VR exposure are recommended in other clinical groups as agoraphobics and social phobics and studies in which VR exposure is compared with more emerging virtual worlds as presented in CAVE-type systems.
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Significant reductions in depression were found when virtual reality exposure interventions were used for specific driving phobia and acrophobia.
“Significant reductions in depression were also found when interventions were used for specific driving phobia30 and acrophobia.38”
From Game-based digital interventions for depression therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [38]
In the meta-analysis, only the RCT studies by Emmelkamp et al. and Proudfoot et al. reported some remaining benefits at the 6 month follow-up.
“In our meta-analysis, only the RCT studies by Emmelkamp et al.38 and Proudfoot et al.37 reported some remaining benefits at the 6 month follow-up.”
From Game-based digital interventions for depression therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [38]
In a trial of 33 people with fear of heights, three 1-h sessions of exposure in vivo and VR exposure, both therapist-delivered, were equally effective and benefits remained 6 months later.
“One of the largest trials for this disorder randomly allocated 33 people with a fear of heights to three 1-h sessions of either exposure in vivo or VR exposure—in both cases delivered by a therapist.9 Both treatments were equally effective and the benefits remained 6 months later.”
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- Authors
- Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Krijn, M., Hulsbosch, A. M., de Vries, S., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Emmelkamp, P.M.G
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 509-516
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2021999691
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 23.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, acrophobia, fear of heights, exposure therapy, low-cost virtual reality, anxiety, avoidance behavior, treatment effectiveness, maintenance of treatment effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Phobic Disorders, Random Allocation, User-Computer Interface, Treatment Outcome
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