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Cognitive processes in social anxiety: the effects of self-focus, rumination and anticipatory processing
Abstract
We examined three cognitive processes hypothesized to contribute to biases in judgments about and memory for social events: self-focused attention, post-event rumination, and anticipatory processing. Socially anxious (N = 58) and nonanxious (N = 58) subjects participated in a social interaction and then completed measures of self-focused attention and anxiety-related physiological sensations and behavior. The next day, subjects completed measures that assessed frequency of post-event processing and recall of the interaction. The results indicated that selective attention to negative self-related information led to biases in social judgments and recollections and that post-event processing contributed to the recall of negative self-related information. No evidence was found for selective retrieval of negative self-related information prior to a second social interaction. The results reconcile inconsistent previous findings related to memory bias in social anxiety.
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“Mellings and Alden (2000) found that post-event worry/rumination in high socially anxious subjects predicted recall of negative selfrelevant information, negative self-judgements and recall of anxiety symptoms on anticipation of a subsequent social interaction.”
From Metacognitive Theory and Therapy for Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Review and Status (2010) · cites this paper as Mellings and Alden (2000)
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Cognitive biases in social phobia
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Field, A., Psychol, C., & Morgan, J. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.08.004 · Cited by 77
“This strategy may work because, as Mellings and Alden (2000) have emphasized, prolonged processing of an anxiety-provoking social event can help individuals to resolve their concerns (and these ideas gel with Martin & Tesser’s, 1989, beliefs about the adaptive function of ruminative though in…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStress-related dysfunction of the right inferior frontal cortex in high ruminators: An fNIRS study
Rosenbaum, D., Thomas, M., Hilsendegen, P., Metzger, F., Haeussinger, F. B., Nuerk, H.-C., Fallgatter, A., Nieratschker, V., & Ehlis, A. (2018) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.02.022 · Cited by 74
“However, also other mental disorders – such as anxiety disorders – and physical health – such as immune system and fitness – are affected by high levels of rumination (Mellings and Alden, 2000; Thomsen et al., 2004a, 2004b).”
Samtani, S., & Moulds, M. L. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.01.007 · Cited by 74
Rumination as a Mediator of Chronic Stress Effects on Hypertension: A Causal Model
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“In support of this prediction, rumination has been shown to increase engagement in depressed thinking [37, 38], is related to negative emotions, including anxiety [39, 40], anger [41– 43], and depressed mood [43–45], and can prolong negative affect [42, 46].”
BackgroundRumination is characterized by valence-specific impairments in switching of attention
Koster, E. H. W., Lissnyder, E. D., & Raedt, R. D. (2013) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.09.008 · Cited by 88
Social anxiety and online social interaction
Hutchins, N. T., Allen, A., Curran, M., & Kannis‐Dymand, L. (2021) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2021.1890977 · Cited by 77
“…related to face-to-face interactions (Amir et al., 1998; Hodson et al., 2008; Hoffart et al., 2009; Mansell & Clark, 1999; McEwan & Devins, 1983; Mellings & Alden, 2000; Mulkens et al., 1999; Papageorgiou & Wells, 2001; Stopa & Clark, 2000), while supporting applicability in an online context.”
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Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J., Putman, P., & Thayer, J. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.11.003 · Cited by 69
“In addition, it is found in social phobia (Mellings & Alden, 2000), panic disorder (Casey, Oei, & Newcombe, 2004), obsessive compulsive disorder (Comer, Kendall, Franklin, Hudson, & Pimentel, 2004), eating disorders (Sassaroli et al., 2005) and in depression (Diefenbach et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPerception of arousal in social anxiety: Effects of false feedback during a social interaction
Wild, J., Clark, D., Ehlers, A., & Mcmanus, F. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.11.003 · Cited by 68
“Previous research has indicated the comparability between high socially anxious individuals and those with social phobia (e.g., Mansell & Clark, 1999; Mellings & Alden, 2000).”
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“…the amount of post-event processing after a social interaction has been shown to be positively correlated with levels of social anxiety (Rachman, Grüter-Andrew, & Shafran, 2000), and post-event processing contributes to the recall of negative self-related information (Mellings & Alden, 2000).”
BackgroundPerfectionism in the context of social fears: Toward a two-component model.
Alden, L., Ryder, A. G., & Mellings, T. (2002) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10458-015 · Cited by 66
Self-citationValidity and Reliability of the Turkish version of the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire
Karatepe, H. T., Yavuz, F. K., & Turkcan, A. (2013) · Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5455/bcp.20121130122311 · Cited by 65
“It has been expressed in other clinical studies that rumination had a significant role in pathogenesis, and higher rumination scores were determined in SAD patients compared to the control group (16-18).”
ResultAttentional biases in social anxiety: An investigation using the inattentional blindness paradigm
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“…with people’s ability to focus on problem solving and results in dwelling on negative thoughts about past failures (Lyubomirsky, Caldwell, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998; Mellings & Alden, 2000), and/ or worries about problems anticipated in the future (Brosschot et al., 2006; Cropley & Zijlstra, 2011).”
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“Some researchers have measured the two processes in the same study (e.g., Mellings & Alden, 2000), but failed to consider a possible connection between them.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Predictors and Contents of Post-Event Processing in Social Anxiety
Makkar, S., & Grisham, J. (2011) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9357-z · Cited by 62
“…between social anxiety symptoms and the frequency of engaging in PEP following self-reported and experimentally induced social situations (Dannahy and Stopa 2007; Kocovski and Rector 2007; Mellings and Alden 2000; Rachman et al. 2000) even after controlling for depression (Edwards et al. 2003).”
BackgroundWeeks, J. W. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.008 · Cited by 62
Palmieri, S., Mansueto, G., Scaini, S., Caselli, G., Sapuppo, W., Spada, M. M., Sassaroli, S., & Ruggiero, G. M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10112448 · Cited by 66
Attentional bias in math anxiety
Rubinsten, O., Levy, H. E., Wohl, H., & Akibli, O. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01539 · Cited by 67
“…tendency to ruminate has been associated with self-reported symptoms of generalized anxiety (Fresco et al., 2002; Harrington and Blankenship, 2002), post-traumatic stress (Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow, 1991; Clohessy and Ehlers, 1999; Mayou et al., 2002), and social anxiety (Mellings and Alden, 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-perception and rumination in social anxiety.
Zou, J., & Abbott, M. J. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.01.007 · Cited by 60
“…Abbott, & Rapee, 2006), and experimental manipulations (Field &Morgan, 2004; Kashdan & Roberts, 2007; Kocovski, Endler, Rector, & Flett, 2005; Mellings & Alden, 2000) have demonstrated that compared to healthy controls, socially anxious individuals experience greater levels of PEP following…”
BackgroundResultCoping strategies and anticipatory processing in high and low socially anxious individuals.
Vassilopoulos, S. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.010 · Cited by 60
Firoozabadi, A., Uitdewilligen, S., & Zijlstra, F. (2016) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000068 · Cited by 58
Keough, M., Battista, S. R., O'Connor, R., Sherry, S., & Stewart, S. (2016) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.12.013 · Cited by 59
Fehm, L., Hoyer, J., Schneider, G., Lindemann, C., & Klusmann, U. (2008) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800701424672 · Cited by 59
“Mellings and Alden ( 2000 ) analyzed the effects of self-focused attention, anticipatory, and post-event processing after a social interaction.”
BackgroundMacKenzie, M. B., & Kocovski, N. L. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100909 · Cited by 58
Bruyaka, O., Philippe, D., & Castañer, X. (2017) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0323 · Cited by 78
“According to the psychology literature, when social anxiety is high, individuals selectively attend to negative information about social situations, which leads to biased recollections and judgments of social events that can exacerbate social fears (Mellings & Alden, 2000).”
BackgroundCognitive Risks in Developmental Psychopathology
Hankin, B. L., Snyder, H. R., & Gulley, L. D. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy308 · Cited by 55
“Findings indicate that socially anxious individuals engage in more post-event processing following a social interaction or speech task in the lab (Abbott & Rapee, 2004; Mellings & Alden, 2000; Perini, Abbott, & Rapee, 2006; Rachman, Grüter-Andrew, & Shafran, 2000).”
BackgroundPost-Event Processing in Social Anxiety Disorder: Idiosyncratic Priming in the Course of CBT
Kocovski, N. L., & Rector, N. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9152-z · Cited by 58
“Participants high in social anxiety were found to engage in more PEP compared to participants low in social anxiety following a social interaction (Mellings & Alden, 2000) and also following an impromptu speech task (Edwards, Rapee, & Franklin, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Perspective on Social Anxiety Disorder
Herbert, J. D., & Cardaciotto, L. A. (2007) · Series in Anxiety and Related Disorders · doi:10.1007/0-387-25989-9_8 · Cited by 25
Social anxiety and ruminative self-focus
Vassilopoulos, S. P. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.012 · Cited by 57
“…engage in elevated levels of post-event rumination (Abbott & Rapee, 2004; Edwards, Rapee, & Franklin, 2003; Kocovski, Endler, Rector, & Flett, 2005; Mellings & Alden, 2000; Perini, Abbot, & Rapee, 2006; Rachman, Gruter-Andrew, & Shafran, 2000; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) or anticipatory rumination…”
Emotional processes in human-robot interaction during brief cognitive testing
Desideri, L., Ottaviani, C., Malavasi, M., di Marzio, R., & Bonifacci, P. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.013 · Cited by 61
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“Further research points out that this bias may be due to selective attention to negative self-related information (Mellings & Alden, 2000).”
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Social Self-Reappraisal Therapy for Social Phobia: Preliminary Findings
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“Empirical studies have found a high degree of association between post-event processing of negative-evaluative events and social anxiety in student samples (Lundh & Sperling, 2002; Mellings & Alden, 2000; Rachman et al., 2000).”
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“…also appears to distort socially anxious individuals’ memory for events over time so that these events are recalled in a more negative light (Abbott & Rapee, 2004; Mellings & Alden, 2000; Morgan, 2010;Morgan&Banerjee, 2008) andmore from an observer perspective (Coles, Turk, & Heimberg, 2002).”
BackgroundCognitive Biases in Social Anxiety Disorder
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A Cognitive Model of Social Phobia: Applicability in a Large Adolescent Sample
Schreiber, F., Höfling, V., Stangier, U., Bohn, C., & Steil, R. (2012) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.3.341 · Cited by 52
Social Anxiety and the Effects of Engaging in Mental Imagery1
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“Data with these items included and not included have been analyzed in another study and no differences in results were found (Mellings & Alden, 2000), therefore, only the analyses using all 20 items are reported here.”
ResultAutobiographical memory retrieval and appraisal in social anxiety disorder
Moscovitch, D. A., Vidovic, V., Lenton-Brym, A. P., Dupasquier, J. R., Barber, K. C., Hudd, T., Zabara, N., & Romano, M. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.06.008 · Cited by 48
Global and Local Evaluations of Public Speaking Performance in Social Anxiety
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“In support of this conjecture, directing selective attention to negative self-related information led to biases in social judgements and recollections in highly socially anxious individuals (Mellings & Alden, 2000).”
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“…that individuals with SAD monitor their physiology, particularly their heart rate, and this prompts the formation of negative self-images (Mansell, Clark, & Ehlers, 2003; Papageorgiou & Wells, 2002) and negatively biased beliefs about evaluation (Mansell & Clark, 1999; Mellings & Alden, 2000).”
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“…suggests that rumination tendency is associated with self-reported generalized anxiety symptoms (Fresco et al., 2002; Harrington and Blankenship, 2002), post-traumatic stress (Clohessy and Ehlers, 1999; Mayou et al., 2002; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991), and social anxiety (Mellings and Alden, 2000).”
BackgroundSpeech presentation cues moderate frontal EEG asymmetry in socially withdrawn young adults
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Do Socially Anxious Individuals Hold Positive Metacognitive Beliefs About Rumination?
Wong, Q., & Moulds, M. L. (2010) · Behaviour change · doi:10.1375/bech.27.2.69 · Cited by 39
“Similarly, Mellings and Alden (2000) observed that socially anxious individuals report significantly more postevent rumination following a social interaction task compared to nonanxious individuals.”
BackgroundFraming social information and generalized social phobia
Alden, L. E., Mellings, T. M. B., & Laposa, J. M. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00163-3 · Cited by 44
Self-citationSocial anxiety and liking: Towards understanding the role of metaperceptions in first impressions.
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OFC and its connectivity with amygdala as predictors for future social anxiety in adolescents
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“Based on the self-focused model of social anxiety (Clark and Wells, 1995; Mellings and Alden, 2000), we hypothesized that people with high social anxiety would demonstrate attention avoidance when shown images of angry faces.”
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Deiters, D. D., Stevens, S., Hermann, C., & Gerlach, A. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.09.001 · Cited by 38
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Mindsets in social anxiety: a new look at selective information processing
Hiemisch, A., Ehlers, A., & Westermann, R. (2002) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(02)00022-8 · Cited by 37
“While cognitive models focus on selective attention for threat-related information and the consequences for the judgment and recollection of social situations (e.g. Mellings & Alden, 2000), action theory emphasizes cognitive processes relevant for successful goal attainment.”
BackgroundDevelopment and validation of the trait and state versions of the Post-Event Processing Inventory
Blackie, R. A., & Kocovski, N. L. (2017) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1230668 · Cited by 37
“Further, when researchers use measures of PEP, they are often constrained by the situation-specific context of the items, such that PEP is assessed from a public-speaking perspective only (e.g., Thoughts Questionnaire, Edwards, Rapee, & Franklin, 2003; Post-Event Rumination Questionnaire, Abbott & Rapee, 2004; Ruminat…”
BackgroundInfluentialVulnerabilities in social anxiety: Integrating intra- and interpersonal perspectives
Ginat-Frolich, R., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Huppert, J. D., Aderka, I. M., Alden, L. E., Bar-Haim, Y., Becker, E. S., Bernstein, A., Geva, R., Heimberg, R. G., et al. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102415 · Cited by 36
Self-citationThe contribution of experiential avoidance and social cognitions in the prediction of social anxiety
Mahaffey, B. L., Wheaton, M. G., Fabricant, L. E., Berman, N. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000367 · Cited by 36
“Given this, undergraduate samples are frequently used in the study of social anxiety symptoms (e.g. Ashburg, Anthony, McCabe, Schmidt and Swinson, 2005; Mellings and Alden, 2000).”
Penney, E. S., & Abbott, M. J. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9639-3 · Cited by 36
“Individuals higher in social anxiety engage in greater levels of negative rumination after a social event, such as, an impromptu speech performance (Edwards et al. 2003), or a social interaction (Mellings and Alden 2000).”
BackgroundThe spotlight effect and the illusion of transparency in social anxiety.
Brown, M. A., & Stopa, L. L. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.11.006 · Cited by 36
Chan, S. M., Chan, S. K., & Kwok, W. W. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0451-9 · Cited by 35
“Mellings and Alden [21] further elaborated that the intrusive thoughts of ruminators also elicit negative self-related information.”
BackgroundMethodMonteregge, S., Tsagkalidou, A., Cuijpers, P., & Spinhoven, P. (2020) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1037/h0101777 · Cited by 17
“Moreover, studies have found that individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) repeatedly think about social situations, their performance in these situations, and how others perceive their behavior (Mellings & Alden, 2000).”
BackgroundGrant, D. M., Judah, M. R., Mills, A. C., Lechner, W. V., Davidson, C. L., & Wingate, L. R. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9399-5 · Cited by 42
“…the extant literature suggests that social anxiety is associated with elevated levels of rumination (Kocovski and Rector 2007; Nepon et al. 2011), and rumination following evaluative events increases socially anxious appraisals of that situation (Abbott and Rapee 2004; Mellings and Alden 2000).”
Estudo de validação da versão portuguesa da Escala de Respostas Ruminativas – Versão Reduzida
Dinis, A., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Duarte, C., & Castro, T. (2011) · Psychologica · doi:10.14195/1647-8606_54_7 · Cited by 43
Does Anticipation Help or Hinder Performance in a Subsequent Speech?
Brown, M. D., & Stopa, L. L. (2007) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465806003481 · Cited by 35
“Nevertheless, the idea that participants may believe that anticipatory processing has some benefits is consistent both with the finding that both high and low socially anxious participants rated actual performance better during the anticipated, compared to during the unanticipated speech, and with research into PEP, w…”
BackgroundResultDavey, G. C. L., & Meeten, F. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.04.003 · Cited by 34
Neural correlates of anticipation and processing of performance feedback in social anxiety
Heitmann, C. Y., Peterburs, J., Mothes‐Lasch, M., Hallfarth, M. C., Böhme, S., Miltner, W. H. R., & Straube, T. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22602 · Cited by 39
“…of negative evaluation as main concern in socially anxious subjects may promote avoidance behavior and thus lead to maintenance of the disorder [Salters-Pedneault et al., 2004], rendering anticipatory anxiety an essential feature of social anxiety [Clark and Wells, 1995; Mellings and Alden, 2000].”
BackgroundHiga-McMillan, C. K., & Daleiden, E. L. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.05.005 · Cited by 51
Trait anxiety, trait depression, worry, and memory.
Reidy, J. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.005 · Cited by 34
Are people with social anxiety disorder happier alone?
Goodman, F. R., Rum, R., Silva, G., & Kashdan, T. B. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102474 · Cited by 33
Post-event rumination and social anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Edgar, E. V., Richards, A., Castagna, P. J., Bloch, M., & Crowley, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.013 · Cited by 33
Connolly, S. L., & Alloy, L. (2017) · Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617729487 · Cited by 33
“Increased postevent processing following a stressful in-lab task has been linked to improved recall of negative details of the event at follow-up (Cody & Teachman, 2010; Mellings & Alden, 2000).”
BackgroundSellers, R., Wells, A., & Morrison, A. P. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2132 · Cited by 32
Disrupted prefrontal functional connectivity during post-stress adaption in high ruminators
Rosenbaum, D., Hilsendegen, P., Thomas, M., Haeussinger, F. B., Nuerk, H., Fallgatter, A. J., Nieratschker, V., Ehlis, A., & Metzger, F. G. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33777-1 · Cited by 32
“001), more dwelling on “why-questions” (χ2(3) = 9.”
Wong, Q. (2016) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12189 · Cited by 32
From face to hand: Attentional bias towards expressive hands in social anxiety
Kret, M. E., Stekelenburg, J. J., de Gelder, B., & Roelofs, K. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.11.016 · Cited by 36
“This finding contrasts with theories suggesting that high socially anxious individuals avoid others’ emotional expressions because they are more focused on the self (Mellings & Alden, 2000; Alden & Mellings, 2004).”
Generalized Social Phobia and social judgments: the salience of self- and partner-information.
Alden, L., & Mellings, T. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00244-x · Cited by 32
Self-citationDiwanji, V. S., Geana, M., Pei, J., Nguyen, N. H. T., Izhar, N., & Chaif, R. H. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2454954 · Cited by 41
“Costa et al. (2001) and Mellings and Alden (2000) showed the effectiveness of videos in inducing EMB.”
Assessing Social Anxiety Through Digital Biomarkers Embedded in a Gaming Task
Dechant, M., Frommel, J., & Mandryk, R. L. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445238 · Cited by 31
Blackie, R. A., & Kocovski, N. L. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1104383 · Cited by 31
“PEP includes many negative characteristics, such as a focus on the negative components of the situation (Abbott & Rapee, 2004), negative self-judgments (Mellings & Alden, 2000), and upward counterfactual thinking (Kocovski, Endler, Rector, & Flett, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-consciousness and social anxiety in youth: The Revised Self-Consciousness Scales for Children.
Takishima-Lacasa, J. Y., Higa-McMillan, C. K., Ebesutani, C. K., Smith, R. L., & Chorpita, B. F. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0037386 · Cited by 39
Donald, J., Abbott, M. J., & Smith, E. (2014) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812001051 · Cited by 31
O'Grady, M. A., Cullum, J., Armeli, S., & Tennen, H. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.6.599 · Cited by 30
Shared and Unique Cognitive Factors in Social Anxiety
Field, A. P., & Cartwright‐Hatton, S. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.206 · Cited by 29
Bailey, T., Shahabi, L., Tarvainen, M., Shapiro, D., & Ottaviani, C. (2019) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1570821 · Cited by 29
“…a psychological level, exacerbating depression and anxiety in individuals with MDD and SAD and worsening mood in non-pathological individuals (e.g., Mellings & Alden, 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008; Ottaviani, Medea, Lonigro, Tarvainen, & Couyoumdjian, 2015a; Ottaviani et al.,…”
BackgroundSocial anxiety is associated with impaired memory for imagined social events with positive outcomes
Romano, M., Tran, E., & Moscovitch, D. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1675596 · Cited by 29
“…that made high SA participants more vulnerable to the impact of interpretation bias or rumination, which have been found in prior research to affect high SA participants’memory accuracy for social information of any sort, irrespective of valence (e.g. Mansell & Clark, 1999; Mellings & Alden, 2000).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Mellings, T. M. B., & Alden, L. E.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Alden, Lynn E
- ORCID
- Alden, Lynn E
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 243-257
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2062470464
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 13.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- social anxiety, self-focus, post-event rumination, anticipatory processing, memory bias, social judgment, self-related information, selective attention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Anxiety, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Ego, Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Memory, Phobic Disorders, Random Allocation, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Self Psychology
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