Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse in depression

“…thoughts and feelings as objective events in the mind, rather than personally identifying with them (Safran & Segal, 1990), has been hypothesized as a mechanism of action in both CBT (Beck et al., 1979; Teasdale, 1999) and acceptance and mindfulness based therapies (AMBT) (Bishop et al., 2004).”

“According to interaction cognitive systems by Teasdale and Barnard (1993) and Teasdale (1999), the best results are obtained in the intermediate state between over-emotion (mindless emoting) and over-attention (feeless thinking; Greenberg and Safran, 1987; Shapiro, 2001).”

“They may not easily alter the way they retrieve episodic memories, much as depression is not easily cured by simply encouraging patients to avoid negative thinking (Teasdale, 1999).”

“Teasdale (1999) argues that when effective emotional processing of negative information is prevented, the consequence is sustained rumination, which serves to perpetuate depression.”

“Furthermore, we assume that rumination, being a typical maladaptive analytical cognitive style in depression (Teasdale, 1999) is another factor impairing intuition in depression.”

“” Barnard and Teasdale’s multi-level theory of mind (1991; Teasdale, 1999) provides an explicit metacognitive framework for understanding the relationship between psychopathology and how individuals process their environment.”

“In the framework of cognitive therapy, this representation is compatible with the progression proposed by Teasdale (1999) who specifies three distinct modes of emotional processing: 1.”

“Teasdale (1999) argued that the “mindful” mode is adaptive and leads to helpful emotional processing, that reduces and alleviates distress, whereas the “evaluative” mode leads to maladaptive emotional processing and maintains or exacerbates distress.”

“There is mounting empirical evidence (Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Teasdale, 1999) that a bias toward overgeneral ABM disclosure is associated with the occurrence of depressive mood disorder; however, it is still unclear whether generic ABM disclosures decrease over the course of…”

“These theoretical frameworks have been applied to numerous pathologies including depression (e.g., Hayes and Harris 2000; Teasdale 1999), have received empirical support (e.”

“In order to strengthen the induction of the desired mood state, all statements were conveyed in an emotion-congruent way (Teasdale 1999) and presented through headphones in a dimly lit room.”

“Teasdale [23] proposed that mindful experiencing facilitated emotional processing while mindless emoting and conceptualising failed to do this.”

“New models developed on the basis of findings in cognitive sciences and cognitive theories about information processing and emotional processing (see Rachmann, 1980; Teasdale, 1999b) seem to have a major impact on the understanding of the development and maintenance of emotional disorders.”

“Finally, research has demonstrated a role of emotional processing in preventing relapse of depression (Teasdale, 1999), in promoting healthy adjustment in the face of a cancer diagnosis (Stanton et al., 2000), and in improving adjustment and self-compassion following academic failures (Neff, Hsieh,…”

“It is characterized by an ability to attain a de-centered perspective on events and a tendency to respond with flexibility to negative thoughts and emotions [15].”

“Teasdale (1999) has suggested that effective EP, defined as mindful experience or acceptance of emotional states helps to prevent both relapse and recurrence of depression.”

“Specifically, analytical self-focused rumination (thinking analytically about self and symptoms) is maladaptive [83].”

“Mindfulness seems to have such positive benefits because personal biases or reflections on past encounters are diffused (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Teasdale, 1999).”

“Ruminative self-focus is defined as a temporary maladaptive analytical process characterized by “thinking about” experience (Teasdale, 1999).”

“Participants in the analytical condition were administered the instructions employed by Watkins and Teasdale (2004), as follows: “As you read the items, use your imagination and concentration to think about the causes, meanings, and consequences of the items.”

“…non-depressogenic, non-anxious and more compassionate schematic models may be created in memory which may be triggered instead of depressogenic and anxious maladaptive schemas at times when rumination and worry would typically take over (Teasdale 1999; Sanders and Lam 2010; Neff and Dahm 2015).”

“More concerningly, analytic reappraisal procedures have the capacity to deactivate affect-laden schematic beliefs and inhibit emotional processing, thus obstructing cognitive modification (Salas-Auvert and Felgoise, 2003; Teasdale, 1999).”

“This increased traumatic load may also intensify the inclination toward repetitive thinking about events [63], as rumination may attenuate the severity of such emotional memories [64], despite worsening long-term outcomes.”

“In his articles outlining the theoretical rationale for MBCT, Teasdale (1999a, 1999b) had described how negative repetitive thinking, which often takes the form of rumination about the causes and consequences of one’s negative mood (Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008), not only reinforces…”

“risk of recurrence and relapse to depression (Teasdale 1999).”

“Should such effects be found, it would provide an encouraging convergence between basic laboratory tasks and the literature on attention to meaning and affect in emotional disorders, using a non-computationally specified version of our current proposal (Teasdale, 1999).”

“Heightened self-focus can be both adaptive and maladaptive depending on the type of self-focus one is engaged in (Teasdale, 1999).”

“…processing of negative information (for reviews see Clark et al. 1999; Blaney 1986; Segal and Ingram 1994; Rusting 1999; Rector et al. 1998; Martin 1985; Teasdale 1999; Beck 2002; Scher et al. 2004) has not been demonstrated reliably in most previous computerized text-analytical studies.”

“In line with Baker et al. (2010) model of emotional processing (see also Rachman, 1980), concerns associated with the daily management of CD would contribute to fatigue, taking the form of intrusive and/or repetitive thoughts that are associated with negative emotions when different stages of…”

“This increases focus on the negative aspects of the event and hinders effective cognitive and emotional processing of traumatic information (Foa & Kozak, 1986; Teasdale, 1999), thereby exacerbating psychological distress and increasing the risk of PTSS (Zhu, Zhang, Zhou, Li, & Yang, 2021).”

“Epstein (1994, 2014), Teasdale and Barnard (1993); Teasdale (1999), and other dual process theorists (Power and Dalgleish, 2008) have suggested that there is a fundamental distinction between two types of information processing system: Epstein termed these a “rational system” and an emotionally…”

“Elle se base sur la théorie des sous-systèmes connectés et interactifs (Teasdale et Barnard, 1993 ; Teasdale, 1999), qui explique, entre autres, que chez les patients déprimés en rémission, la dysphorie réactive des schémas de pensée similaires à ceux présents dans la dépression aiguë et que ces…”

“The results for automatic thoughts mediated change in the BACC group might be explained by applying the Interactive Cognitive Subsystem Model [93,94], which explains that lived experiences—unlike the more rational cognitive techniques, which follow slow and logical information processing—tend to impact information pro…”

“Finally, focusing attention away from the self reduces the possibility of knowing what one is thinking and feeling and of developing alternative interpretations of experiences on which long-term treatment effects may be based (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979; Teasdale, 1999).”

“A goal of emotion regulation strategies is not to prevent initial affective reactions from occurring but instead to experience them in ways that are more functional [47].”

“However, it has been recognized that emotional arousal and processing may be a crucial component across approaches to effect profound change (Frank & Frank, 1991; Lane, Ryan, Nadel, & Greenberg, 2015; Pascual-Leone, 2018; Teasdale, 1999).”

“Rumination, a type of repetitive thought, is commonly defined as a self-focused, negative thinking style about past negative experiences and/or mood that is intrusive, repetitive, cyclical, and uncontrollable (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; Papageorgiou & Wells, 2003; Teasdale, 1999).”

“…presented at the International Congress of Cognitive Psychotherapy in Catania, Italy, 23 June, 2000. new treatment models that have developed recently within cognitive-behaviour therapy in terms of “mindfulness” (Linehan, 1993; Teasdale, 1999a,b) and “ acceptance” (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999).”

“Most notably, Teasdale (1999) used this framework to provide a theoretical rationale for mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.”

“Teasdale (1999) has suggested that promoting a stabilized observer stance may facilitate emotional processing.”

“Mediation research is especially in order because Teasdale (1999) has argued for the converse: for different therapeutic mechanisms between the two approaches.”

“Once the schemas are activated, previously depressed individuals might catastrophize the early arrival of depressive symptoms and, perhaps in an attempt to understand and reduce the symptoms, inadvertently amplify mild dysphoric states into clinical depression through ruminative processing (Teasdale, 1999).”

“Whether body awareness is beneficial or maladaptive may depend on ‘‘distinct and incompatible modes of mind’’ [9–11] associated with brain functions that are habitually integrated but may be uncoupled after, for example, a few weeks of meditation [12].”

“Validity In the last decades, mindfulness has become an increasingly important field of research with large applications in Psychology (e.g., Kabat-Zinn 1990, 2003; Segal et al. 2002; Shapiro et al. 1998; Teasdale 1999).”

“Rather, incoming stimuli are perceived as what they are (Baer, 2003; Teasdale, 1999).”

“(personal communication, September 2005) Second, savoring has some affinities with cognitive therapies that use the experiential self-focus approach (Teasdale, 1999) that emphasizes attention to the experience of feelings (Watkins & Moulds, 2005).”

“The role of emotional mechanism in the emersion or maintenance of several psychological disorders such as PTSD [4], panic disorder [5], and depression [6], [7] has been investigated in many studies.”

“This may leave an individual prone to affective disturbance, although further research is required to replicate this finding.”

“practiced during meditation seems to interfere with the so called ruminative patterns, typical of mental disorders such as anxiety and depression, resulting in positive cognitive changes.[19] Furthermore, this perspective (of one's own thoughts) is described as “metacognitive insight.”

“…and out of touch with subjective feelings, or (2) being too immersed in and driven by difficult emotions and thoughts, by shifting into (3) mindful experiencing where working memory is engaged with implicit subjective experiencing and integrated affective/cognitive processes (Teasdale, 1999).”

“The beneficial or maladaptive aspects of body awareness may depend on individuals’ ‘modes of mind’1 (Teasdale, 1999).”

“Diese verschiedenen Verarbeitungsebenen beruhen auf der Annahme, dass es verschiede Ebenen von Bedeutung gibt; rational-propositionale Bedeutungen (etwas kognitiv wissen) und holistisch-implikationale Bedeutungen (etwas emotional wissen) [Teasdale, 1999].”

“Back to Full Paper Index 170 Meditative mindfulness training has been found to be beneficial for individuals undergoing emotional therapy for conditions such as depression, and to help people relax and to attain positive mental health (Brown & Ryan, 2003) and well-being (Teasdale, 1999).”