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The Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire: development and preliminary validity
Abstract
Heart-focused anxiety (HFA) is the fear of cardiac-related stimuli and sensations because of their perceived negative consequences. Although HFA is common to a wide variety of persons who experience chest pain and distress, it often is unrecognized and misdiagnosed, particularly in cardiology and emergency room patients without and with heart disease. To address these concerns, this article reports on the development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ) designed to measure HFA. In Study 1, 188 cardiology patients completed the CAQ. Item and factor analyses indicated a three-factor solution pertaining to heart-related fear, avoidance, and attention. Reliability analysis of the 18-item CAQ revealed good internal consistency of the total and subscale scores. In Study 2, 42 patients completed the CAQ and several other anxiety-related questionnaires to assess its convergent and divergent properties. Although preliminary validity results are promising, further psychometric study is necessary to cross-validate the CAQ, examine its test-retest reliability, and confirm the stability of the factor structure. Taken together, the CAQ appears to assess HFA, and may therefore be a useful instrument for identifying patients with elevated HFA without and with heart disease.
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“CAQ has shown reliability and validity among cardiac patients [25].”
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“The CAQ measures heart-focused anxiety, as this may be a more specific form of anxiety relevant to heart patients (Eifert et al., 2000;van Beek et al., 2012).”
From Postponement of elective cardiac surgery: A prospective observational analysis of anxiety, depression, social support and clinical complications. (2023) · cites this paper as Eifert et al., 2000
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The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire
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MethodScherrenberg, M., Wilhelm, M., Hansen, D., Völler, H., Cornelissen, V., Frederix, I., Kemps, H., & Dendale, P. (2021) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487320939671 · Cited by 251
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Metadata
- Authors
- Eifert, G. H., Thompson, R. N., Zvolensky, M. J., Edwards, K., Frazer, N. L., Haddad, J. W., & Davig, J.
- Affiliations
- West Virginia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eifert, Georg H
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1039-1053
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2015235226
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- psychometric development, questionnaire validation, avoidance, attention, chest pain, cardiac patients, anxiety assessment, factor structure
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