The Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire: Cross-Validation among Cardiac Inpatients
Abstract
Objective General anxiety symptoms are common in patients with cardiac disease and considered to have an adverse effect on cardiac prognosis. The role of specific cardiac anxiety, however, is still unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Dutch version of the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ), which was specifically designed to assess heart focused anxiety. Methods Two hundred thirty-seven patients admitted for an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and a control group of 49 patients admitted for an exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) completed the CAQ, the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire, Mobility Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results Although the original three-factor solution (fear, avoidance, and attention) was acceptable (model fit parameters: CFI = 0.89 and TLI = 0.87), our data were best explained by a four-factor model including safety seeking behaviors. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were good. The CAQ had moderate correlations with the other anxiety and depression questionnaires. Recently admitted ACS patients had significantly higher scores than RA patients, even after controlling for general anxiety and depressive symptoms (p Conclusion The CAQ is a reliable and valid instrument to assess cardiac anxiety in patients hospitalized with ACS. These results enable longitudinal studies to examine the relationship of h…
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CAQ measures heart-focused anxiety.
“The CAQ measures heart-focused anxiety, as this may be a more specific form of anxiety relevant to heart patients (Eifert et al., 2000;van Beek et al., 2012).”
From Postponement of elective cardiac surgery: A prospective observational analysis of anxiety, depression, social support and clinical complications. (2023) · cites this paper as van Beek et al., 2012
CAQ has four subscales: worry, heart-focused attention, avoidance behaviour, and safety-seeking behaviour.
“we used a more recent subscale structure identified by van Beek et al. (2012), including a fourth subscale of safety-seeking behaviour”
From Postponement of elective cardiac surgery: A prospective observational analysis of anxiety, depression, social support and clinical complications. (2023) · cites this paper as van Beek et al. (2012)
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- Authors
- Van Beek, M. H. C. T., Voshaar, R. C. O., Van Deelen, F. M., Van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Pop, G., & Speckens, A. E. M.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Venue
- The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 349-364
- ISSN
- 0033-278X (ISSN-L)
- 0091-2174
- 1541-3527
- OpenAlex
- W2138201959
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- cardiac anxiety, acute coronary syndrome, psychometric validation, factor structure, reliability statistics, safety-seeking behavior, rheumatoid arthritis, depression
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Netherlands, Neurocirculatory Asthenia, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reference Values, Reproducibility of Results, Acute Coronary Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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