Cited by 532Stress Responses and CortisolChild Abuse and TraumaChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Child's stress hormone levels correlate with mother's socioeconomic status and depressive state

Lupien, Sonia J, King, Suzanne, Meaney, Michael J, McEwen, Bruce S·2000·Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00965-3

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Abstract

Background Individuals with lower socioeconomic status report greater exposure to stressful life events and a greater impact of these events on their lives than individuals with higher socioeconomic status, and this relationship between socioeconomic status and health begins at the earliest stages of life. To extend on these results, we performed a psychoneuroendocrine study of 217 children and 139 mothers.Methods Salivary cortisol levels and cognitive function were assessed in children, and a semistructured phone interview measuring symptoms of stress and depression was conducted with their mothers.Results Children with low socioeconomic status present significantly higher salivary cortisol levels than children with high socioeconomic status, and this socioeconomic status effect emerges as early as age 6. We also report that a child's cortisol level is significantly correlated with his or her mother's extent of depressive symptomatology.Conclusions These results offer a neurobiological determinant to the well-known association between socioeconomic status and health that begins early in life.

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Basal and reactive cortisol: A systematic literature review of offspring of parents with depressive and bipolar disorders
Klimes‐Dougan, B., Papke, V., Carosella, K. A., Wiglesworth, A., Mirza, S. A., Espensen-Sturges, T. D., & Meester, C. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104528 · Cited by 31
Stress and Childhood Asthma Risk: Overlapping Evidence from Animal Studies and Epidemiologic Research
Wright, R. J. (2008) · Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1186/1710-1492-4-1-29 · Cited by 27
Socioeconomic status and health: a neurobiological perspective
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“Because a mother who lives in a threatening environment is more likely to be depressed and so, more likely to have difficulties in taking care of her child, the child is more likely to be anxious and to have more social difficulties [6,26].”
Background
Early psychosocial adversity and cortisol levels in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Isaksson, J., Nilsson, K. W., & Lindblad, F. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0383-0 · Cited by 29
“Exposure to prenatal as well as early childhood psychosocial adversity has been associated mainly with HPA hyper-functioning in children [14–16].”
Background
This can't be stressed enough: The contribution of select environmental toxicants to disruption of the stress circuitry and response
Caudle, W. M. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.021 · Cited by 28
Socio‐economic status, executive functions, and theory of mind ability in adolescents: Relationships with language ability and cortisol
Pluck, G. C., Córdova, M. A., Bock, C., Chalen, I., & Trueba, A. F. (2020) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12354 · Cited by 32
Maternal Factors Associated With Child Behavior
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“A variety of adverse cognitive, behavioral, and physiological outcomes in children are associated with mothers’ depression including poor school performance (Sinclair & Murray, 1998), slow cognitive and motor development (Petterson & Albers, 2001), and elevated cortisol levels (Lupien et al., 2000).”
Background
Stress Effects on the Developing Brain
Gunnar, M. R. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306255.003.0006 · Cited by 26
Stressed-Out Oral Immunity: A Gateway From Socioeconomic Adversity to Periodontal Disease
Gomaa, N., Glogauer, M., Nicolau, B., Tenenbaum, H., Siddiqi, A., Fine, N., & Quiñonez, C. (2020) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000774 · Cited by 25
Glucocorticoid-Mediated Developmental Programming of Vertebrate Stress Responsivity
Gans, I. M., & Coffman, J. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.812195 · Cited by 27
Neighborhood crime, socioeconomic status, and suspiciousness in adolescents and young adults at Clinical High Risk (CHR) for psychosis
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“through which stress effects the association between suspiciousness and neighborhood crime (Corcoran et al., 2003; Flinn and England, 1997; Lupien et al., 2000; Miller et al., 2002).”
Background
Patterns of poverty across adolescence predict salivary cortisol stress responses in Mexican-origin youths
Johnson, L. E., Parra, L. A., Ugarte, E., Weissman, D. G., Han, S. G., Robins, R. W., Guyer, A. E., & Hastings, P. D. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105340 · Cited by 27
Neurobiological Implications of Parent–Child Emotional Availability: A Review
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“Past research has shown that parent–child interactions influence the child’s HPA axis activity, especially during infancy, in which factors such as maternal socioeconomic status and depressive state are associated with better regulation of the HPA axis to everyday stressors [20].”
Background
Developmental stress and lead (Pb): Effects of maternal separation and/or Pb on corticosterone, monoamines, and blood Pb in rats
Amos‐Kroohs, R. M., Graham, D. L., Grace, C. E., Braun, A. A., Schaefer, T. L., Skelton, M. R., Vorhees, C. V., & Williams, M. T. (2016) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.011 · Cited by 24
“Children in such settings face a variety of difficulties that may include impoverishment, family disruption, overcrowding, poor diet, threats, violence, and other challenges that result in elevated cortisol levels and other markers of stress (Gump et al., 2005;Lupien et al., 2000;Lupien et al., 2001).”
Background
The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Brain Volume in Children and Adolescents With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Uban, K. A., Kan, E., Wozniak, J. R., Mattson, S. N., Coles, C. D., & Sowell, E. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00085 · Cited by 28
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and smoking and drinking onset among adolescents: the longitudinal cohort TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS)
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Are cortisol profiles a stable trait during child development?
Flinn, M. V. (2009) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20981 · Cited by 24
“Nonetheless, a similar causal linkage appears plausible (e.g., Heim et al., 2000; Lupien et al., 2000).”
Background
School Achievement in a Regional Cohort of Children Born Very Low Birthweight
Hagen, E. W., Palta, M., Albanese, A., & Sadek‐Badawi, M. (2006) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200604000-00005 · Cited by 24
“There is evidence to suggest that children who live in low SES families are at risk for dysregulated HPA systems.(38) Studies in adults demonstrate that people who have dysregulated HPA systems show deficits in memory and attention.”
Background
Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D
Pritchett, L. H., & Viarengo, M. G. (2021) · doi:10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069 · Cited by 24
“15 The association between a child’s learning achievement and household SES can be causally mediated by many factors, such as poor nutrition (Alderman and Bundy, 2011), parental education (Dubow et al., 2009) and attention (Davis-Kean, 2005), and stress factors (Lupien et al., 2000).”
Background
Coping with having a depressed mother: The role of stress and coping in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction in girls at familial risk for major depression
Foland‐Ross, L. C., Kircanski, K., & Gotlib, I. H. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414001102 · Cited by 24
“Results of our investigation confirm previous findings that familial risk for depression is associated with both higher diurnal cortisol (Lupien et al., 2000; Mannie et al., 2007; Vreeburg et al., 2010) and greater exposure to stressful parenting behaviors (Hammen et al.”
Result
Low Family Satisfaction and Depression in Adolescence: The Role of Self-Esteem
Stavropoulos, V., Lazaratou, H., Marini, E., & Dikeos, D. G. (2015) · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology · doi:10.5539/jedp.v5n2p109 · Cited by 30
Adverse childhood experiences and biomarkers of inflammation in a diverse cohort of early school-aged children
Heard‐Garris, N., Davis, M. M., Estabrook, R., Burns, J. L., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Allen, N. B., Carnethon, M. R., Aguayo, L., Wakschlag, L. S., & Penedo, F. J. (2019) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2019.100006 · Cited by 24
Mother-infant dyadic dysregulation and postpartum depressive symptoms in low-income Mexican-origin women
Luecken, L. J., Crnic, K. A., Gonzales, N. A., Winstone, L. K., & Somers, J. A. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.10.016 · Cited by 28
Mechanisms of Maternal Diet-Induced Obesity Affecting the Offspring Brain and Development of Affective Disorders
Radford‐Smith, D. E., & Anthony, D. C. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13030455 · Cited by 23
“For example, children of mothers who exhibit depression show elevated morning cortisol levels at 6–10 years age [84].”
Background
Long-Term Impact of Maternal Substance Use During Pregnancy and Extrauterine Environmental Adversity: Stress Hormone Levels of Preadolescent Children
Bauer, C. R., Lambert, B. L., Bann, C., Lester, B. M., Shankaran, S., Bada, H. S., Whitaker, T. M., LaGasse, L. L., Hammond, J. A., & Higgins, R. D. (2011) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e3182226e26 · Cited by 22
“Caregiver depression, n (%) 64 (9) 6 (8) 15 (9) 43 (9) 0.”
BackgroundInfluential
Factors Influencing School Counselors’ Suspecting and Reporting of Childhood Physical Abuse: Investigating Child, Parent, School, and Abuse Characteristics
Tillman, K. S., Prazak, M. D., Burrier, L. A., Miller, S., Benezra, M. R., & Lynch, L. (2015) · Professional School Counseling · doi:10.5330/1096-2409-19.1.103 · Cited by 22
“Numerous studies have found that children from lower socioeconomic statuses experience higher levels of stress than peers from a higher socioeconomic background, corresponding to maternal mental health (Lupien, King, Meaney, & McEwen, 2000) and related to negative health implications for the child (Lupien et al., 2000…”
Background
Brain, skull, and cerebrospinal fluid volumes in adult posttraumatic stress disorder
Woodward, S. H., Kaloupek, D. G., Streeter, C. C., Kimble, M., Reiss, A. L., Eliez, S., Wald, L. L., Renshaw, P. F., Frederick, B. B., Lane, B., et al. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20241 · Cited by 23
Increased heart rate variability correlation between mother and child immediately pre‐operation
Arai, Y. ‐. P., Ueda, W., Ushida, T., Kandatsu, N., Ito, H., & Komatsu, T. (2009) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.01912.x · Cited by 22
Effects of an Early Family Intervention on Children's Memory: The Mediating Effects of Cortisol Levels
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Can reactivity to stress and family environment explain memory and executive function performance in early and middle childhood?
Piccolo, L. D. R., de Salles, J. F., Falceto, O. G., Fernandes, C. L. C., & Grassi‐Oliveira, R. (2016) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2015-0085 · Cited by 24
Prenatal alcohol exposure and adolescent stress increase sensitivity to stress and gonadal hormone influences on cognition in adult female rats
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Differences in Internalizing Symptoms Across Specific Ethnic Minority Groups: An Analysis Across Chinese American, Filipino American, Japanese American, Native Hawaiian, and White Youth
Okamura, K. H., Ebesutani, C. K., Bloom, R., Higa-McMillan, C. K., Nakamura, B. J., & Chorpita, B. F. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0488-4 · Cited by 21
“higher cortisol levels in children, establishing a biological basis for this relationship (Lupien et al. 2000).”
Background
Neurobiological Markers of Familial Risk for Depression
Foland‐Ross, L. C., Hardin, M. G., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2012_213 · Cited by 21
“Interestingly, investigators who have examined HPA-axis function have found that children and adolescents who have a depressed parent demonstrate both increased basal (Lupien et al. 2000; Young et al. 2006; Lupien et al. 2011) and increased waking (Mannie et al.”
Tracking Exposure to Child Poverty During the First 10 Years of Life in a Quebec Birth Cohort
Séguin, L., Nikièma, B., Gauvin, L. I., Lambert, M. A., Tu, M. T., Kakinami, L., & Paradis, G. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03404234 · Cited by 20
Poverty, Stress, and Autonomic Reactivity
Alkon, A., Wolff, B., & Boyce, W. T. (2012) · The Oxford Handbook of Poverty and Child Development · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199769100.013.0012 · Cited by 20
Improving mental health and physiological stress responses in mothers following traumatic childbirth and in their infants: study protocol for the Swiss TrAumatic biRth Trial (START)
Sandoz, V., Deforges, C., Stuijfzand, S., Epiney, M., Vial, Y., Sekarski, N., Messerli‐Bürgy, N., Ehlert, U., Graz, M. B., Harari, M. M., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032469 · Cited by 27

Authors: Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meaney, M. J., & McEwen, B. S.
Affiliations: Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
Rockefeller University (US)
Corresponding author: Lupien, Sonia J
ORCID: Lupien, Sonia J
King, Suzanne
Meaney, Michael J
McEwen, Bruce S
Venue: Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-11
Volume: 48
Issue: 10
Pages: 976-980
ISSN: 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00965-3
OpenAlex: W2047909845
Cited by: 532
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 3.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: socioeconomic status, salivary cortisol, childhood stress, maternal depression, depressive symptoms, psychoneuroendocrinology, cognitive function, early childhood, stress hormones
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Canada, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Saliva, Social Class, Stress, Psychological

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Child's stress hormone levels correlate with mother's socioeconomic status and depressive state

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