Biological Bases of Childhood Shyness
Abstract
The initial behavioral reaction to unfamiliar events is a distinctive source of intraspecific variation in humans and other animals. Two longitudinal studies of 2-year-old children who were extreme in the display of either behavioral restraint or spontaneity in unfamiliar contexts revealed that by 7 years of age a majority of the restrained group were quiet and socially avoidant with unfamiliar children and adults whereas a majority of the more spontaneous children were talkative and interactive. The group differences in peripheral physiological reactions suggest that inherited variation in the threshold of arousal in selected limbic sites may contribute to shyness in childhood and even extreme degrees of social avoidance in adults.
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Early-life temperament is embodied in the intrinsic activity of the brain, not just in differences in neural reactivity to trait-relevant cues.
“the present study provides unique evidence that early-life temperament does not just reflect differences in neural reactivity to trait-relevant cues (e.g., the amygdala's threshold to respond or peak response to threat2, 73), but is also embodied in the intrinsic activity of the brain.”
From Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early-life anxiety (2014) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1988-04-08
- Volume
- 240
- Issue
- 4849
- Pages
- 167-171
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2081281959
- Cited by
- 1,577
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 44.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH40691)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- childhood shyness, social avoidance, behavioral restraint, spontaneity, temperament, limbic system, arousal threshold, heritability, longitudinal development
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Child, Preschool, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Muscles, Norepinephrine, Saliva, Shyness, Sympathetic Nervous System
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