Cited by 532Stress Responses and CortisolChild Abuse and TraumaChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Child's stress hormone levels correlate with mother's socioeconomic status and depressive state

Lupien, Sonia J, King, Suzanne, Meaney, Michael J, McEwen, Bruce S·2000·Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00965-3

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Abstract

Background Individuals with lower socioeconomic status report greater exposure to stressful life events and a greater impact of these events on their lives than individuals with higher socioeconomic status, and this relationship between socioeconomic status and health begins at the earliest stages of life. To extend on these results, we performed a psychoneuroendocrine study of 217 children and 139 mothers.Methods Salivary cortisol levels and cognitive function were assessed in children, and a semistructured phone interview measuring symptoms of stress and depression was conducted with their mothers.Results Children with low socioeconomic status present significantly higher salivary cortisol levels than children with high socioeconomic status, and this socioeconomic status effect emerges as early as age 6. We also report that a child's cortisol level is significantly correlated with his or her mother's extent of depressive symptomatology.Conclusions These results offer a neurobiological determinant to the well-known association between socioeconomic status and health that begins early in life.

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“The adversity exposures characterizing low socioeconomic status have been linked to a variety of developmental risk factors, including heightened sympathetic and adrenocortical reactivity, in some children but not in others (64, 65).”
Background
Interparental aggression and children's adrenocortical reactivity: Testing an evolutionary model of allostatic load
Davies, P. T., Sturge-Apple, M. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000319 · Cited by 54
The Association of Major Depression, Conduct Disorder, and Maternal Overcontrol with a Failure to Show a Cortisol Buffered Response in 4-Month-Old Infants of Teenage Mothers
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The role of the endocrine system in baboon maternal behavior
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“The increased incidences of diseases and disorders associated with low SES has been hypothesized to arise from higher levels of stress associated with such environments resulting in a chronic elevation of cortisol (Munck et al., 1984; Lupien et al., 2000; Lupien et al., 2001; Cohen et al., 2006).”
Background
Psychological and stress hormone correlates in early life: A key to HPA-axis dysregulation and normalisation
Turner‐Cobb, J. M. (2005) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890500095200 · Cited by 65
“Data supporting this latter relationship come from a later study which examined a group of 6–16 year olds and found morning cortisol levels to be significantly higher in children with low SES but only for those children aged up to 10 years, a finding which appears linked to the mothers’ level of depressive symptoms (L…”
Background
Life-course socioeconomic trajectories and diurnal cortisol regulation in adulthood
Gustafsson, P. E., Janlert, U., Theorell, T., & Hammarström, A. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.09.019 · Cited by 64
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“2005), poverty (Lupien et al. 2000) or non-optimal parenting practices (Ellenbogen & Hodgins, 2009 ; Ostiguy et al.”
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Cortisol and Socioeconomic Status in Early Childhood: A Multidimensional Assessment
Tarullo, A., Tuladhar, C. T., Kao, K., Drury, E., & Meyer, J. S. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001315 · Cited by 52
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“Moreover, the effects of socioeconomic parameters on cortisol secretion and the CAR generally indicate an inverse relationship (Lupien et al., 2000, 2001; Rosmond and Bjorntorp, 2000; Kapuku et al., 2002; Bennett et al., 2004; Kunz-Ebrecht et al., 2004; Wright and Steptoe, 2005).”
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DISCRIMINATION-RELATED STRESS, BLOOD PRESSURE AND EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS ANTIBODIES AMONG LATIN AMERICAN IMMIGRANTS IN OREGON, US
McClure, H. H., Martínez, C. R., Snodgrass, J. J., Eddy, J. M., Jiménez, R. A., Isiordia, L. E., & McDade, T. W. (2010) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932010000039 · Cited by 61
“Latino immigrants’ contact with dominant society may also bring its share of discriminatory experiences (Finch & Vega, 2003; Pérez et al., 2008), the physical health effects of which are just beginning to be investigated.”
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Is high socioeconomic status a risk factor for multiple sclerosis? A systematic review
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The effects of SES on infant and maternal diurnal salivary cortisol output
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Social Stratification, Health, and Violence in the Very Young
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Prenatal Cocaine Exposure Related to Cortisol Stress Reactivity in 11-Year-Old Children
Lester, B. M., LaGasse, L. L., Shankaran, S., Bada, H. S., Bauer, C. R., Lin, R., Das, A., & Higgins, R. D. (2010) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.02.039 · Cited by 56
Role of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in PTSD: Insights From Preclinical Models
Miles, O. W., & Maren, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00068 · Cited by 59
“Data from human women who were pregnant on September 11, 2001 and in/near the World Trade Center who developed PTSD show lower cortisol (Lupien et al., 2000) levels than women who did not develop PTSD (Yehuda et al.”
Background
Interactions of lifetime lead exposure and stress: Behavioral, neurochemical and HPA axis effects
Rossi‐George, A., Virgolini, M. B., Weston, D., Thiruchelvam, M. J., & Cory‐Slechta, D. A. (2010) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2010.09.004 · Cited by 55
“…sustained elevation of glucocorticoids have been postulated to account for the increased incidence of many diseases and disorders found in low socioeconomic status (SES) communities (Flaherty et al., 2009; Lupien et al., 2001, 2000; Munck et al., 1984; Cohen et al., 2006; Pallares et al., 2007).”
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Cortisol function among early school-aged homeless children
Cutuli, J. J., Wiik, K. L., Herbers, J. E., Gunnar, M. R., & Masten, A. S. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.11.008 · Cited by 58
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Perceived stress is associated with smaller hippocampal volume in adolescence
Piccolo, L. D. R., Noble, K. G., & for the Pediatric Imaging, N. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13025 · Cited by 61
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Background
Understanding the dimensions of socioeconomic status that influence toddlers’ health: unique impact of lack of money for basic needs in Quebec’s birth cohort
Séguin, L., Xu, Q., Gauvin, L. I., Zunzunegui, M. V., Potvin, L., & Frohlich, K. L. (2004) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.020438 · Cited by 53
Cognitive Performance and Morning Levels of Salivary Cortisol and α-Amylase in Children Reporting High vs. Low Daily Stress Perception
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“For instance, Evans & English (2002) employed 12-h overnight (8 PM8 AM) urine samples for cortisol determination while Lupien et al. (2000; 2001) and Flinn & England (1997) examined levels of morning salivary cortisol without strict reference to awakening and its circadian pattern.”
Method
Saliva Cortisol and Response to Dexamethasone in Children of Depressed Parents
Young, E. A., Vázquez, D. M., Jiang, H., & Pfeffer, C. R. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.077 · Cited by 53
Increased health and well-being in preschools (DAGIS): rationale and design for a randomized controlled trial
Määttä, S., Lehto, R., Nislin, M. A., Ray, C., Erkkola, M., Sajaniemi, N. K., & Roos, E. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1744-z · Cited by 59
“Combining alpha-amylase measurement (from the same saliva samples), an indicator of sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis functioning, with the cortisol measurement provides a more complete picture of stress regulation [27].”
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The impact of COVID ‐19 lockdown on children's and adolescents' mental health in Greece
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Exogenous glucocorticoids and adverse cerebral effects in children
Damsted, S. K., Born, A. P., Paulson, O. B., & Uldall, P. (2011) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.05.002 · Cited by 51
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Multisystemic approaches to researching young people’s resilience: Discovering culturally and contextually sensitive accounts of thriving under adversity
Ungar, M. T., Theron, L. C., & Höltge, J. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000469 · Cited by 71
“Environmental stressors like socioeconomic status (Li et al., 2007; Lupien et al., 2000) influence cortisol secretion patterns.”
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Salivary cortisol reactivity in preschoolers is associated with hair cortisol and behavioral problems
Kao, K., Doan, S. N., John, A. M. S., Meyer, J. S., & Tarullo, A. R. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1391210 · Cited by 50
Poverty and Single Parenting: Relations with Preschoolers' Cortisol and Effortful Control
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Negative Rainfall Shocks Increase Levels of the Stress Hormone Cortisol Among Poor Farmers in KenyaPreprint
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“…studies find significant correlations between socio-economic status (SES), self-reported stress, and the stress hormone cortisol (Cohen et al. 2006a; 2006b; Evans and Kim 2007; Evans and English 2002; Li et al. 2007; Lupien et al. 2000; Arnetz et al. 1991; see Dowd et al. 2009 for a review).”

Authors: Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meaney, M. J., & McEwen, B. S.
Affiliations: Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
Rockefeller University (US)
Corresponding author: Lupien, Sonia J
ORCID: Lupien, Sonia J
King, Suzanne
Meaney, Michael J
McEwen, Bruce S
Venue: Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-11
Volume: 48
Issue: 10
Pages: 976-980
ISSN: 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00965-3
OpenAlex: W2047909845
Cited by: 532
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 3.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: socioeconomic status, salivary cortisol, childhood stress, maternal depression, depressive symptoms, psychoneuroendocrinology, cognitive function, early childhood, stress hormones
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Canada, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Saliva, Social Class, Stress, Psychological

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Child's stress hormone levels correlate with mother's socioeconomic status and depressive state

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