The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: managing the chaos of bipolar disorder
Abstract
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy is an individual psychotherapy designed specifically for the treatment for bipolar disorder. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy grew from a chronobiological model of bipolar disorder postulating that individuals with bipolar disorder have a genetic predisposition to circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle abnormalities that may be responsible, in part, for the symptomatic manifestations of the illness. In our model, life events (both negative and positive) may cause disruptions in patients' social rhythms that, in turn, perturb circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles and lead to the development of bipolar symptoms. Administered in concert with medications, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy combines the basic principles of interpersonal psychotherapy with behavioral techniques to help patients regularize their daily routines, diminish interpersonal problems, and adhere to medication regimens. It modulates both biological and psychosocial factors to mitigate patients' circadian and sleep-wake cycle vulnerabilities, improve overall functioning, and better manage the potential chaos of bipolar disorder symptomatology.
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“Treatments to amplify, phase advance or delay circadian rhythms have been developed for potential use in psychiatric disorders in adults.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [189]
In the citing paper
“circadian disruptions can precipitate mood and psychotic episodes in individuals who already have psychiatric disorders189–191”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [189]
Citations
Cites
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“In 1988, we proposed an etiologic model of major depression that focused on the role of disrupted social rhythms in the emergence of a depressive episode in biologically vulnerable individuals (Ehlers et al 1988).”
Reynolds III, C. F., Frank, E., Perel, J. M., Imber, S. D., Cornes, C., Miller, M. D., Mazumdar, S., Houck, P. R., Dew, M. A., Stack, J. A., et al. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.1.39 · Cited by 659
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Items 501–521 of 521
Chan, S. K. Y., Li, C. J., Tse, P. P.-S., Wong, E. L., Wang, A., Liu, H., Hobfoll, S. E., Jim, C. Y., & Hou, W. K. (2025) · Air Quality Atmosphere & Health · doi:10.1007/s11869-025-01781-w
“Previous studies mainly focused on exploring disrupted social rhythms in the bipolar population (Ehlers 1988; Frank et al. 2000; Grandin et al. 2006 ).”
Modèles animaux de troubles bipolaires : vers de nouvelles perspectives
Henry, C., Bigot, M., & Alonso, M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-77180-4.00042-1
Pediatric arrhythmia: a cross-sectional study in a specialized single center in Iraq
Hussein, H. K. (2025) · Chirurgia · doi:10.23736/s0394-9508.24.05778-4
Exploration of Stress-Coping Behaviors in Patients With Mood Disorders Using Cluster Analysis
Jeong, H., Moon, E., Lim, H. J., Kim, K., Suh, H., Lee, Y. M., Lee, B. D., & Park, J. (2025) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2025.0145
“45,46 The Active Cluster should manage their activity level appropriately, considering social rhythm therapy.”
Chronotherapy in oncology: New therapeutic horizons through the modulation of circadian rhythms
Griffiths, D., & Innominato, P. F. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-28938-5.00012-x
Li, H., Jin, M., Wei, P., Ren, H., Xie, M., Yang, Y., Wang, N., Hao, Y., Hu, W., Zhang, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120599
van Enkhuizen, J. (2014) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Treatment of depressive episodes with mixed features: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Villalón, F., Philippi, R., & Mendoza, F. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.011
Aktaş, Y., & DÜLGERLER, Ş. (2026) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2025.152047
Margraf, J., Lavallee, K., Zhang, X.-C., Brailovskaia, J., Velten, J., & Schneider, S. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09417-7
“…therapy studies have shown that fostering an increase in rhythmicity is a useful therapeutic tool in the treatment of bipolar disorder (Aktaş & Dülgerler, 2024; Bai-ley et al., 2025; Frank, 2005; Frank et al., 1994, 2000, 2005; Haynes et al., 2016; Lam & Chung, 2019; Nusslock & Frank, 2012).”
Cinesi, G., Sperandei, S., Quattrucci, L., Sciolto, A., Emiliano, E., Scopetta, F., Sabatino, E. D., Mancini, A., Gaetani, L., Parnetti, L., et al. (2026) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2026.2703128
“In affective disorders, the interplay between mood and circadian rhythms is well established: patients with major depressive or bipolar disorder frequently show irregular sleep–wake patterns, disrupted social rhythms, and instability of daily routines (Frank et al. 2000).”
Lee, T., Choi, K., & Lee, H. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16157457
Sleep, anxiety, and depression: The bidirectional brain-behavior axis
Rao, J. K., Emani, L. S., Padhi, S., Sharafkhaneh, A., Nami, M., & Rao, K. S. J. (2026) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2026.07.007
Baldini, V., Pasquino, F., Iannucci, F., Venezia, N., Ronchi, D. D., Plazzi, G., Pelizza, L., & Menchetti, M. (2026) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.70179
“Disruptions in social rhythms—such as irregular daily routines and interpersonal stress—may further destabilize circadian functioning and precipitate mood episodes, forming the theoretical basis for interventions like Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) [12].”
Shahmohammadi, H., & Niknam, M. (2021) · International Journal of Psychology (IPA) · doi:10.66224/ijpb.15.2.87
“Frank et al. (2000) noted that patients with bipolar disorder often grieve for someone who has had the illness or for becoming someone who would not have had bipolar disorder.”
Aristova, M., & Abbott, S. M. (2026) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2026.07.012
Beyond stagnation and acceleration: the shared atemporal core of bipolar experience
Saroka, V., Schnitzler, T., Potępa, E., Rucińska, Z., & Moskalewicz, M. (2026) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2026.2736741
Maddox, M. A., Smith, L. T., Baresich, K. L., Zee, P. P., Olino, T. M., Nusslock, R., & Alloy, L. B. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122679
Interpersonal psychotherapy: principles and applications.
(2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 214
Metadata
- Authors
- Frank, E., Swartz, H. A., & Kupfer, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frank, Ellen
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 593-604
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2163455012
- Cited by
- 521
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH60473, MH 29618, R25MH060473, MH30915)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, bipolar disorder, circadian rhythm, sleep-wake cycle, social rhythms, chronobiology, interpersonal psychotherapy, life events, medication adherence, psychosocial interventions
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Behavior Therapy, Bipolar Disorder, Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Models, Psychological, Psychotherapy, Tranquilizing Agents, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm
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