Quantitative Aspects of the Production of Superoxide Anion Radical by Milk Xanthine Oxidase
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At pH 7.0, in air, 20% of the total electron flux through xanthine oxidase can be accounted for in terms of the univalent reduction of oxygen. The fraction of the total flux of electrons which traversed the univalent pathway to oxygen was increased by raising the pH and by raising the oxygen tension. It was further shown that at any given pH and oxygen tension, the amount of univalently reduced oxygen, which was detectable in terms of the reduction of cytochrome c, rose as the turnover rate of the enzyme was decreased by decreasing the concentration of xanthine. This effect of xanthine was more pronounced at pH 7.0 than at pH 10.0. Another reflection of this same phenomenon was a difference in Km for xanthine measured in terms of urate production as compared to Km for xanthine measured in terms of cytochrome c reduction. Here too the differences were diminished as the pH and the oxygen tension were raised. The quantitative aspects of these phenomena are presented as well as an explanation which is consistent with all of the observations and which was, in fact, predictive of several of them.
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XO catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid, generating hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in a reaction amplified under ischemia and hypoxia.
“Thus, XO catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and subsequently xanthine to uric acid, generating hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in a reaction amplified under ischemia and hypoxia (147, 307, 496, 497, 499).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [307]
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- Authors
- Fridovich, I.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fridovich, I.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1970-08
- Volume
- 245
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 4053-4057
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1553328291
- Cited by
- 1,035
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Metal-Catalyzed Oxygenation Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Gout, Hyperuricemia, Uric Acid
- Keywords
- xanthine oxidase, superoxide, milk, electron flux, cytochrome c reduction, Michaelis constant, pH dependence, oxygen partial pressure, enzyme kinetics
- MeSH terms
- Chemistry, Cytochromes, Electron Transport, Free Radicals, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kinetics, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxidoreductases, Oxygen, Xanthine Oxidase, Xanthines, Chemical Phenomena
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