The composition of sleep-promoting factor isolated from human urine.
Open accessAbstract
A sleep-promoting substance, Factor S, has been extracted and purified from large volumes of human urine. Urinary Factor S is a small glycopeptide; amino acid-amino sugar analyses of the purified material revealed a substance composed of glutamic acid, alanine, diaminopimelic acid, and muramic acid in molar ratios of 2:2:1:1. The active glycopeptide resembles bacterial peptidoglycans but the composition suggests that it is not simply of adventitious origin. Other reasons for this conclusion are also given. Infusions into the lateral ventricle of the brain of about 5 pmol/kg of body weight induce a 50% increase in slow wave sleep in rabbits. The excess sleep is normal as judged by electrophysiological and behavioral criteria; it resembles the deep sleep that occurs when animals are allowed to sleep following prolonged sleep deprivation.
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PAMP/DAMP activation of PRRs likely leads to systemic increases of sleep regulatory substances, such as TNF and IL-1.
“They can activate the immune system through binding to respective PRRs, which likely leads to systemic increases of sleep regulatory substances, such as TNF and IL-1 (303, 305).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [305]
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- Authors
- Krueger, J. M., Pappenheimer, J. R., & Karnovsky, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1982-02
- Volume
- 257
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1664-1669
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1559956276
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 10.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- glycopeptides, amino acid composition, diaminopimelic acid, muramic acid, bacterial peptidoglycan, slow-wave sleep, sleep deprivation, intraventricular infusion, rabbits
- MeSH terms
- Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine, Amino Acids, Animals, Biological Assay, Glucosamine, Glycopeptides, Humans, Male, Rabbits, Sleep
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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