The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Developmental changes in face processing skills
Abstract
Expertise in processing differences among faces in the spacing among facial features (second-order relations) is slower to develop than expertise in processing the shape of individual features or the shape of the external contour. To determine the impact of the slow development of sensitivity to second-order relations on various face-processing skills, we developed five computerized tasks that require matching faces on the basis of identity (with changed facial expression or head orientation), facial expression, gaze direction, and sound being spoken. In Experiment 1, we evaluated the influence of second-order relations on performance on each task by presenting them to adults (N=48) who viewed the faces either upright or inverted. Previous studies have shown that inversion has a larger effect on tasks that require processing the spacing among features than it does on tasks that can be solved by processing the shape of individual features. Adults showed an inversion effect for only one task: matching facial identity when there was a change in head orientation. In Experiment 2, we administered the same tasks to children aged 6, 8, and 10 years (N=72). Compared to adults, 6-year-olds made more errors on every task and 8-year-olds made more errors on three of the five tasks: matching direction of gaze and the two facial identity tasks. Ten-year-olds made more errors than adults on only one task: matching facial identity when there was a change in head orientation (e.g., from frontal to tilted up). Together, the results indicate that the slow development of sensitivity to second-order relations causes children to be especially poor at recognizing the identity of a face when it is seen in a new orientation.
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“In view of these early preferences, it has come as a surprise that specialised face processing mechanisms, at both the behavioural level and the neural level, continue to develop throughout the first and even the second decade of life (Carey et al., 1980; Durand et al., 2007; Mondloch et al., 2003).”
From The social brain in adolescence: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies (2011) · cites this paper as Mondloch et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“The 10-year-olds made more errors than did adults on the identity task in which head orientation varied.”
From The social brain in adolescence: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies (2011) · cites this paper as Mondloch et al. (2003)
Citations
Cites
Yin, R. K. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027474 · Cited by 2,624
The many faces of configural processing
Maurer, D. M., Grand, R. L., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01903-4 · Cited by 2,114
Self-citationWhy faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise.
Diamond, R., & Carey, S. E. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.115.2.107 · Cited by 1,584
Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise.
Diamond, R., & Carey, S. E. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.115.2.107 · Cited by 1,521
Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition
Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, A. W. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/72140 · Cited by 1,418 · cited 1×
“Since the classic study by Yin (1969), it has been known that inversion impairs adults ability to identify faces much more than their ability to identify other mono-oriented objects (unless they have developed face-like expertise for another homogeneous category—e.g., Diamond & Carey, 1986; Gauthier, Skudlarski, Gore,…”
BackgroundFrom Piecemeal to Configurational Representation of Faces
Carey, S. E., & Diamond, R. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.831281 · Cited by 844
Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W., & DAVIES, G. M. (1979) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p080431 · Cited by 715
Adult's Eyes Trigger Shifts of Visual Attention in Human Infants
Hood, B. M., Willen, J. D., & Driver, J. (1998) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00024 · Cited by 682
Configural Face Processing Develops more Slowly than Featural Face Processing
Mondloch, C. J., Grand, R. L., & Maurer, D. M. (2002) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3339 · Cited by 654
Self-citationFifty years of memory for names and faces: A cross-sectional approach.
Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, P. O., & Wittlinger, R. P. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.1.54 · Cited by 615
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(2016) · doi:10.3389/fpsyg · Cited by 801
Face Recognition by Humans: Nineteen Results All Computer Vision Researchers Should Know About
Sinha, P., Balas, B., Ostrovsky, Y., & Russell, R. (2006) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2006.884093 · Cited by 674
Picture-plane inversion leads to qualitative changes of face perception
Rossion, B. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.02.003 · Cited by 552
Holistic Processing Is Finely Tuned for Faces of One's Own Race
Michel, C., Rossion, B., Han, J., Chung, C.-S., & Caldara, R. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01752.x · Cited by 456
Faces are "spatial"--holistic face perception is supported by low spatial frequencies.
Goffaux, V., & Rossion, B. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.4.1023 · Cited by 416
Metadata
- Authors
- Mondloch, C. J., Geldart, S., Maurer, D., & Grand, R. L.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Mondloch, Catherine J
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-84
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2119997223
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Face recognition and analysis
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- face processing, face recognition (cognition), developmental changes, children, face inversion effect, head orientation, face identity, facial expressions, gaze direction
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development, Eye Movements, Face, Female, Head, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Posture
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