The social brain in adolescence: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies
Open accessAbstract
Social cognition is the collection of cognitive processes required to understand and interact with others. The term ‘social brain’ refers to the network of brain regions that underlies these processes. Recent evidence suggests that a number of social cognitive functions continue to develop during adolescence, resulting in age differences in tasks that assess cognitive domains including face processing, mental state inference and responding to peer influence and social evaluation. Concurrently, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show differences between adolescent and adult groups within parts of the social brain. Understanding the relationship between these neural and behavioural observations is a challenge. This review discusses current research findings on adolescent social cognitive development and its functional MRI correlates, then integrates and interprets these findings in the context of hypothesised developmental neurocognitive and neurophysiological mechanisms.
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TL;DR
This review synthesizes fMRI and behavioural evidence that social cognition and the social brain continue to develop through adolescence, with age differences in face processing, mentalising, peer influence, and social evaluation/rejection. It integrates these findings with structural MRI and theoretical models, while highlighting unresolved questions about structure–function mechanisms and bidirectional development.
Key findings
- Face processing: right FFA face-selective activation expands with age (adult > child; adolescent intermediate in Golarai et al., N=23 children, 10 adolescents, 17 adults), correlated with improved facial identity recognition memory; Scherf et al. found FFA/STS increases from childhood to adolescence but no further specificity changes to adulthood, and Peelen et al. found no age-related increase in fusiform body area, suggesting a double dissociation.
- Mentalising: activity in anterior rostral MPFC during mentalising relative to control correlates negatively with age from adolescence to adulthood, with some posterior/temporal components showing opposite patterns; Dumontheil et al. found continuing development in late adolescence (between age 17 and early adulthood) on visual-perspective mentalising trials.
- Peer influence and social evaluation: adolescents took many more risks in a driving simulation when with peers than alone, whereas adults did not differ and youths were intermediate (Gardner & Steinberg); resistance to peer influence increased linearly between 14 and 18 years in >3600 participants aged 10–23+ (Steinberg & Monahan); Cyberball studies showed reduced positive mood and heightened anxiety after exclusion in adolescents vs adults, and adults activated VLPFC more during exclusion/rejection while adolescents showed the reverse or no discrimination.
- Structural/theoretical: cortical grey matter decreases region-specifically and often non-linearly across adolescence, while white matter volume/density increases; models (SIPN, Triadic, Developmental Mismatch) propose heterochronous limbic/PFC maturation, but direct developmental evidence linking microstructural neuronal properties to BOLD signal is lacking.
Methods
- Narrative review, not a primary empirical study; synthesizes developmental fMRI, behavioural, and structural MRI findings on adolescent social cognition.
- Covers face processing, mentalising, peer influence, and social evaluation/rejection, citing cross-sectional child/adolescent/adult studies (e.g., Golarai et al. N=23 children, 10 adolescents, 17 adults; Thomas et al. N=31 children, 23 adolescents, 48 adults; Steinberg & Monahan >3600 aged 10–23+).
- Main analysis is qualitative integration of findings with theoretical models (Interactive Specialisation, SIPN, Triadic, Developmental Mismatch); no meta-analysis or new data are reported.
Limitations
- Stated: the experimental picture is incomplete; suitable mentalising paradigms beyond early childhood are lacking; developmental fMRI of facial emotion processing is challenging to interpret; no direct developmental evidence links microstructural neuronal properties (e.g., synapse density, myelination) to BOLD signal; new behavioural measures of emotional self-regulation are needed; the hypothesis that females are more sensitive to social evaluation remains untested.
- Stated: regional grey and white matter development in specific social brain components has not been systematically characterised, and trajectories of adolescent white matter in specific social-brain tracts have yet to be delineated.
- Evident: as a narrative review, the literature coverage is described as “not exhaustive,” and no systematic search or quality appraisal is reported; causal links between brain development, fMRI activity, and behaviour remain speculative and potentially bidirectional.
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 91 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Premisecitation
In Mondloch et al. (2003), 10-year-olds made more errors than adults on the identity task in which head orientation varied.
“The 10-year-olds made more errors than did adults on the identity task in which head orientation varied.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mondloch et al. (2003) source
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- Premisecitation
Specialised face processing mechanisms, at both the behavioural level and the neural level, continue to develop throughout the first and even the second decade of life.
“In view of these early preferences, it has come as a surprise that specialised face processing mechanisms, at both the behavioural level and the neural level, continue to develop throughout the first and even the second decade of life (Carey et al., 1980; Durand et al., 2007; Mondloch et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisenone given
Functional and structural MRI studies show differences between adolescent and adult groups within parts of the social brain.
“Concurrently, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show differences between adolescent and adult groups within parts of the social brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
- Premisecitation
In Monk et al. (2003), adolescents showed greater activity than adults within the right amygdala, ACC and OFC bilaterally during passive viewing of fearful relative to neutral faces.
“Adolescents showed greater activity than did adults within the right amygdala, ACC and OFC bilaterally during passive viewing of fearful relative to neutral faces”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Monk et al., 2003 source
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A substantial functional neuroimaging literature indicates that mentalising in adults recruits a circumscribed set of brain regions, comprising the ATC, pSTS, TPJ and anterior rostral portion of MPFC.
“A substantial functional neuroimaging literature indicates that mentalising in adults recruits a circumscribed set of brain regions, comprising the ATC, pSTS, TPJ and anterior rostral portion of MPFC (Frith and Frith, 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Frith and Frith, 2003 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
The evidence reviewed suggests continuing development across adolescence in the neural correlates of social cognitive processes including face processing, mentalising, peer influence and the emotional response to social evaluation and rejection.
“However, the evidence reviewed above suggests continuing development across adolescence in the neural correlates of social cognitive processes including face processing, mentalising, peer influence and the emotional response to social evaluation and rejection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
- Premisecitation
In Cohen Kadosh et al. (in press), there was an age-related increase in the extent of differential top-down modulation of specific intra-network connections depending on task context.
“However, there was an age-related increase in the extent of differential top-down modulation of specific intra-network connections depending on task context.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cohen Kadosh et al., in press
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- Premisecitation
In Thomas et al. (2007), across all expression morphs, adults were more accurate at identifying the emotion shown than were children and adolescents.
“Across all expression morphs, adults were more accurate at identifying the emotion shown than were children and adolescents.”
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Activity within parts of OFC during social rejection was positively correlated with self-rated social anxiety in 8-17-year-olds.
“Activity within parts of OFC during social rejection was positively correlated with self-rated social anxiety in 8–17-year-olds.”
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- Interpretationcitation
Female adolescents show heightened sensitivity to social rejection in an experimental context.
“Thus, female adolescents show heightened sensitivity to social rejection in an experimental context.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
There is evidence that the transition from adolescence into adulthood is accompanied by a decrease in FFA and amygdala reactivity to emotional faces.
“There is evidence that the transition from adolescence into adulthood is accompanied by a decrease in FFA and amygdala reactivity to emotional faces”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
Some adolescent mentalising studies have shown that activity within posterior and temporal components of the mentalising system, including pSTS, TPJ or ATC, shows the opposite developmental pattern.
“Some of these studies have shown that activity within posterior and temporal components of the mentalising system, including pSTS, TPJ or ATC, shows the opposite developmental pattern.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The tendency to act upon basic, inflexible social principles, such as fairness and reciprocity, is present from a relatively early age (6-9 years).
“In contrast, the tendency to act upon basic, inflexible social principles, such as fairness and reciprocity (e.g. acting on the simple rule of reciprocating generosity), is present from a relatively early age (6–9 years) (van den Bos et al., 2009; Sutter and Kocher, 2007).”
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- cites Sutter and Kocher, 2007
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In Cohen Kadosh et al. (in press), the same basic cortical network, comprising FFA, STS and inferior occipital gyrus (OFA), was present in all age groups.
“The same basic cortical network, comprising FFA, STS and inferior occipital gyrus (‘occipital face area’, OFA), was present in all age groups.”
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- Interpretationreasoning
Concurrently, behavioural changes have been demonstrated in many of these domains.
“Concurrently, behavioural changes have been demonstrated in many of these domains.”
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In Sebastian et al. (2010a), adolescents showed significantly reduced self-reported positive mood following episodes of exclusion (social rejection) than did adults.
“In this study, adolescents (young adolescents: N = 26, 11–14 years, female; mid-adolescents: N = 25, 14–16 years, female) showed significantly reduced self-reported positive mood following episodes of exclusion (social rejection) than did adults (N = 26, 22–47 years, female).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sebastian et al., 2010a
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- Premisecitation
Behavioural evidence shows continuing development during adolescence in the ability to recognise facial emotions.
“There is some behavioural evidence showing continuing development during adolescence in the ability to recognise facial emotions (for a review, see Blakemore, 2008).”
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- Premisecitation
In Dumontheil et al. (2010), results showed continuing development during late adolescence (between age 17 and early adulthood) in performance on visual perspective (mentalising) trials, relative to rule-based control trials relying on executive functions only.
“Results showed continuing development during late adolescence (between age 17 and early adulthood) in performance on visual perspective (mentalising) trials, relative to rule-based control trials relying on executive functions only.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dumontheil et al., 2010 source
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- Premisecitation
The expansion of FFA into surrounding cortex was correlated with a behavioural improvement in recognition memory for facial identity.
“The expansion of FFA into surrounding cortex was correlated with a behavioural improvement in recognition memory for facial identity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Golarai et al., 2007 source
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- Interpretationcitation
Basic face processing abilities, here the ability to recognize identity in a context-invariant manner, continue to develop until at least the end of the first decade of life.
“This suggests that basic face processing abilities, here the ability to recognize identity in a context-invariant manner, continue to develop until at least the end of the first decade of life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
This finding suggests a double dissociation between age and the level of proficiency at the brain level for processing distinct classes of social stimuli.
“This finding suggests a double dissociation between age and the level of proficiency at the brain level for processing distinct classes of social stimuli.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Adolescent fMRI studies have consistently shown that activity within anterior rostral MPFC, during mentalising relative to control tasks, correlates negatively with age between adolescence and adulthood.
“Despite the variety of tasks used, these studies have consistently shown that activity within anterior rostral MPFC, during mentalising relative to control tasks, correlates negatively with age between adolescence and adulthood (Blakemore, 2008).”
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Several models have been proposed in which key behavioural and cognitive characteristics of adolescence, as well as the corresponding patterns of fMRI activity, are accounted for as a consequence of neural and hormonal development.
“Several models have been proposed in which key behavioural and cognitive characteristics of adolescence, as well as the corresponding patterns of fMRI activity, are accounted for as a consequence of neural and hormonal development.”
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In Grosbras et al. (2007), the group who scored high on the resistance to peer influence measure showed stronger functional connectivity between brain regions underlying action perception (e.g. STS) and decision making (e.g. lateral PFC, premotor cortex) than did the group who scored low on the measure.
“The group who scored high on the resistance to peer influence measure showed stronger functional connectivity between brain regions underlying action perception (e.g. STS) and decision making (e.g. lateral PFC, premotor cortex) than did the group who scored low on the measure.”
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- Premisecitation
Behavioural studies have shown evidence that the tendency to strategically use mental state information to win money in economic games continues to develop during adolescence.
“Behavioural studies have shown evidence that the tendency to strategically use mental state information to win money in such games continues to develop during adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In Gardner and Steinberg (2005), adolescents took many more risks when driving in the presence of peers compared to when they were alone.
“The game was played alone or in the presence of two peers, and adolescents took many more risks when driving in the presence of peers, compared to when they were alone.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gardner and Steinberg, 2005 source
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- Premisecitation
In Güroğlu et al. (2009), the tendency to make a generous offer of money was increasingly modulated by the perceived power of one's co-player to punish a selfish offer between age 9 and 18.
“A study using a modified Ultimatum Game showed that the tendency to make a generous offer of money was increasingly modulated by the perceived power of one’s co-player to punish a selfish offer between age 9 and 18”
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- Premisecitation
In Steinberg and Monahan (2007), results showed a linear increase in resistance to peer influence between 14 and 18 years.
“The results showed a linear increase in RPI between 14 and 18 years.”
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- Premisecitation
Social psychology studies have shown that adolescents, and by some accounts particularly female adolescents, are more sensitive to being excluded from a social interaction by peers, relative to adults or younger children.
“Social psychology studies have shown that adolescents, and by some accounts particularly female adolescents, are more sensitive to being excluded from a social interaction by peers, relative to adults or younger children (O’Brien and Bierman, 1988; Kloep, 1999).”
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- cites Kloep, 1999 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
The nonlinearity of risk-taking and emotional sensitivity across age suggests heterochronous maturation within neural systems that subserve these processes.
“This nonlinearity across age suggests heterochronous maturation within neural systems that subserve these processes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Subregions of the frontal lobe implicated in social cognition and executive functions show protracted adolescent grey matter change.
“Thus, subregions of the frontal lobe implicated in social cognition and executive functions show protracted adolescent grey matter change.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Frontal lobe grey matter density peaks around puberty onset (age 11 in girls and 12 in boys).
“peaking around puberty onset in the frontal lobe (age 11 in girls and 12 in boys)”
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DLPFC and parts of MPFC attain peak grey matter volume later, at around puberty onset or beyond.
“In the frontal lobe, precentral (motor) grey matter density peaks prior to adolescence, whereas DLPFC and parts of MPFC attain peak grey matter volume later, at around puberty onset or beyond.”
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- Premisecitation
In the frontal lobe, precentral (motor) grey matter density peaks prior to adolescence.
“In the frontal lobe, precentral (motor) grey matter density peaks prior to adolescence, whereas DLPFC and parts of MPFC attain peak grey matter volume later, at around puberty onset or beyond.”
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Cortical grey matter measures (volume, density, thickness) decrease across adolescence in a region-specific and commonly non-linear manner.
“Firstly, cortical grey matter measures (volume, density, thickness; Ashburner and Friston, 2000) decrease across adolescence in a region-specific and commonly non-linear manner (Paus, 2005; Shaw et al., 2008; Tamnes et al., 2009; Ostby et al., 2009).”
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At low field strengths suitable for scanning children and adolescents (<7 T), the PSF in a region of cortex is thought to be largely determined by proximity to local blood vessels, rather than by local grey matter density, horizontal connections, synapses and so on.
“At the low field strengths suitable for scanning children and adolescents (<7 T), the PSF in a region of cortex is thought to be largely determined by proximity to local blood vessels, rather than by local grey matter density, horizontal connections, synapses and so on (Sirotin et al., 2009; Shmuel et al., 2007).”
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There is a 'diffuse-to-focal' shift in BOLD signal between childhood and adulthood.
“It has been observed that there is a ‘diffuse-to-focal’ shift in BOLD signal between childhood and adulthood (Durston et al., 2006; Thomason et al., 2005).”
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There is no direct developmental evidence focusing on the relationship, across age (particularly during adolescence), between microstructural neuronal properties (e.g. synapse density and myelination) and the BOLD signal.
“To our knowledge there is no direct developmental evidence focussing on the relationship, across age (particularly during adolescence), between microstructural neuronal properties (e.g. synapse density and myelination) and the BOLD signal (Ernst and Rumsey, 2009), although suggestive relationships have been shown (e.g. Fornari et al., 2007).”
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Increases in white matter volume are accompanied by progressive changes in MRI measures of white matter integrity, such as MTR and FA.
“Increases in white matter volume are accompanied by progressive changes in MRI measures of white matter integrity, such as the magnetisation-transfer ratio (MTR) in MRI, and fractional anisotropy (FA) in diffusion-tensor MRI (Macchi et al., 2004; Giorgio et al., 2010; Paus et al., 2008a,b; Fornari et al., 2007).”
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White matter volume increase is linear during the second decade of life, decelerating into adulthood.
“By many accounts, this increase is linear during the second decade of life, decelerating into adulthood (Giedd et al., 1999; Ostby et al., 2009; Paus et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Many social brain regions continue to develop during adolescence.
“However, the region specificity in patterns of cortical grey matter development can be interpreted as indicating that many social brain regions continue to develop during adolescence.”
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White matter volume and density increase across the brain.
“Secondly, white matter volume and density increase across the brain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
The probable result of both myelination and increasing axonal calibre would be an increase in axonal conduction speed.
“The probable result of both myelination and increasing axonal calibre would be an increase in axonal conduction speed (Waxman, 1980).”
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- Premisecitation
A number of researchers have drawn attention to the pattern of heightened risk-taking and emotional sensitivity in adolescence, relative to both childhood and adulthood.
“A number of researchers have drawn attention to the pattern of heightened risk-taking and emotional sensitivity in adolescence, relative to both childhood and adulthood.”
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These peaks in grey matter density are followed by an extended profile of decline throughout the remainder of adolescence and early adulthood.
“These peaks in grey matter density are followed by an extended profile of decline throughout the remainder of adolescence and early adulthood (Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 1999, 2002; Ostby et al., 2009).”
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Temporal lobe grey matter density peaks around 16-17 years.
“and at around 16–17 years in the temporal lobe”
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MRI studies show continuing neuroanatomical development during adolescence.
“MRI studies show continuing neuroanatomical development during adolescence (Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 1999; Gogtay et al., 2004).”
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Grey matter density in the frontal and temporal lobes follows an inverted-U shaped pattern of development.
“Grey matter density in the frontal and temporal lobes has been reported to follow an inverted-U shaped pattern of development, peaking around puberty onset in the frontal lobe (age 11 in girls and 12 in boys), and at around 16–17 years in the temporal lobe.”
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There is evidence for distinct trajectories of grey matter development within sub-regions of each cortical lobe.
“There is evidence for distinct trajectories of grey matter development within sub-regions of each cortical lobe (Shaw et al., 2008).”
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In the temporal lobe, regions implicated in social cognition, such as the superior temporal lobe, attain peak grey matter density later (~14 years) than more middle and inferior temporal lobe regions involved in object and perceptual functions (~11-12 years).
“In the temporal lobe, regions implicated in social cognition, such as the superior temporal lobe, attain peak grey matter density later (~14 years) than more middle and inferior temporal lobe regions involved in object and perceptual functions (~11–12 years; Shaw et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shaw et al., 2008 source
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- Premisenone given
There is evidence that local blood supply alters adaptively in response to local excitatory activity.
“There is evidence that local blood supply alters adaptively in response to local excitatory activity, but it is not known whether the nature of this responsiveness changes across development or indeed whether there are periods of ‘neurovascular mismatch’.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Neuroimaging studies have shown that the social brain continues to develop during adolescence.
“Neuroimaging studies have shown that the social brain – the complex network of brain regions that participate in understanding and interacting with social agents – continues to develop during adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
- May combine two claims. 25
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningRecent evidence suggests that a number of social cognitive functions continue to develop during adolescence, resulting in age differences in tasks that assess cognitive domains including face processing, mental state inference and responding to peer influence and social evaluation.
“Recent evidence suggests that a number of social cognitive functions continue to develop during adolescence, resulting in age differences in tasks that assess cognitive domains including face processing, mental state inference and responding to peer influence and social evaluation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCarey et al. (1980) showed improvement in facial identity recognition across the first decade of life, followed by a brief dip in performance at age 12.
“An early study by Carey et al. (1980) showed improvement in facial identity recognition across the first decade of life, followed by a brief dip in performance at age 12”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Carey et al. (1980) source
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PremisecitationIn Mondloch et al. (2003), 6-year-olds made more errors than adults on every task, and 8-year-olds made more errors on three of five tasks, namely gaze direction and the two identity tasks.
“Results showed that, in comparison to adults, the 6-year-olds made more errors on every task, and the 8-year-olds made more errors on three of the five tasks, namely when matching the direction of gaze and on the two identity tasks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mondloch et al. (2003)
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InterpretationcitationBasic face processing abilities show remarkably protracted behavioural development during childhood and adolescence, and fMRI responses within the cortical network for face processing become more fine-tuned and robust with age.
“Basic face processing abilities show remarkably protracted behavioural development during childhood and adolescence, and functional MRI responses within the cortical network for face processing become more fine-tuned and robust with age.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Gardner and Steinberg (2005), adult risk-taking did not differ between the social and solitary conditions, and youths showed an intermediate effect.
“In contrast, adult risk-taking did not differ between the social and solitary conditions, and youths showed an intermediate effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gardner and Steinberg, 2005 source
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PremisecitationIn Thomas et al. (2007), recognition accuracy for fear showed a linear improvement across cross-sectional age, whereas anger showed a quadratic trend, with sharp improvement between adolescence and adulthood.
“However, whereas recognition accuracy for fear showed a linear improvement across cross-sectional age anger showed a quadratic trend, with sharp improvement between adolescence and adulthood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thomas et al., 2007 source
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PremisecitationIn Gunther Moor et al. (2010), results showed an age-related increase in activity within ventral MPFC, ACC and striatum during evaluation and predicted social feedback, while predicted social rejection resulted in activity within affect-regulation regions, such as OFC and lateral PFC, which increased linearly across age.
“Results showed an age-related increase in activity within ventral MPFC, ACC and striatum during evaluation and predicted social feedback, while predicted social rejection resulted in activity within affect-regulation regions, such as OFC and lateral PFC, which increased linearly across age.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gunther Moor et al., 2010
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InterpretationcitationAdolescence is characterised by continuing improvement in facial emotion recognition, but the specific developmental trajectory may differ between emotions.
“This suggests that adolescence is characterised by continuing improvement in facial emotion recognition, but that the specific developmental trajectory may differ between emotions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Sebastian et al. (2010a), levels of anxiety were disproportionately increased following social rejection in younger adolescents (11-13 years) relative to adults, while anxiety was sustainedly high in older adolescents (14-15 years).
“Additionally, levels of anxiety were disproportionately increased following social rejection in younger adolescents (11–13 years) relative to adults, while anxiety was sustainedly high in older adolescents (14–15 years).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sebastian et al., 2010a
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PremisecitationIn Golarai et al. (2007), there was an age-related increase in the spatial extent of face-selective suprathreshold activation within right fusiform cortex (FFA): FFA was significantly larger in adult than child groups, and the adolescent group showed an intermediate pattern.
“Results showed an age-related increase in the spatial extent of face-selective suprathreshold activation within right fusiform cortex (the ‘fusiform face area’; FFA): FFA was significantly larger in adult than child groups, and the adolescent group showed an intermediate pattern.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Golarai et al., 2007 source
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PremisecitationIn Scherf et al. (2007), an age-related increase in size of face-selective FFA was observed between childhood and adolescence, as well as an increase in face-selective superior temporal sulcus (STS).
“an age-related increase in size of face-selective FFA was observed between childhood and adolescence, as well as an increase in face-selective superior temporal sulcus (STS) (Scherf et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Scherf et al., 2007 source
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PremisecitationIn Masten et al. (2009), positive correlations were found between self-reported distress and activity within visceral pain and negative affect-related regions (e.g. insula) during social exclusion vs. inclusion; and negative correlations were found between self-reported distress and activity within emotion-regulation regions (e.g. ventrolateral PFC).
“positive correlations were found between self-reported distress and activity within visceral pain and negative affect-related regions (e.g. insula) during social exclusion vs. inclusion; and negative correlations were found between self-reported distress and activity within emotion-regulation regions (e.g. ventrolateral PFC).”
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PremisecitationIn Peelen et al. (2009), the previously reported increase in functional specialisation in FFA for face stimuli was replicated, but there was no age-related increase in functional specialisation for body stimuli in the adjacent fusiform 'body area' (FBA).
“The previously reported increase in functional specialisation in FFA for face stimuli was replicated, but there was no age-related increase in functional specialisation for body stimuli in the adjacent fusiform ‘body area’ (FBA).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Peelen et al., 2009
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PremisecitationIn Sebastian et al. (in press), adults activated ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) to a greater extent during exclusion than during inclusion conditions, while adolescents exhibited the reverse pattern.
“Results showed that adults activated ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) to a greater extent during exclusion than during inclusion conditions, while adolescents exhibited the reverse pattern.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sebastian et al., in press
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May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThese studies are consistent with theories suggesting that prefrontal regulatory mechanisms continue to develop between mid-adolescence and adulthood, and this may be one factor underlying observed adolescent hypersensitivity to rejection.
“These studies are consistent with theories suggesting that prefrontal regulatory mechanisms continue to develop between mid-adolescence and adulthood (e.g. Nelson et al., 2005), and this may be one factor underlying observed adolescent hypersensitivity to rejection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nelson et al., 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBehavioural studies suggest continuing maturation in facial emotion recognition accuracy during adolescence, although developmental fMRI studies of facial emotion processing are challenging to interpret.
“Behavioural studies suggest continuing maturation in facial emotion recognition accuracy during adolescence, although developmental fMRI studies of facial emotion processing are challenging to interpret.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Scherf et al. (2007), no further changes in functional specificity for face processing were noted between adolescence and adulthood, but activity became more bilateral with age.
“In this study, no further changes in functional specificity for face processing were noted between adolescence and adulthood, but activity became more bilateral with age.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Scherf et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Sebastian et al. (2010b), in adults, rejection-themed words activated the right ventrolateral PFC to a greater extent than acceptance or neutral words; in adolescents, this regulatory region did not discriminate between rejection and neutral words, and responded more to acceptance words than to rejection.
“In adults, rejection-themed words activated the right ventrolateral PFC to a greater extent than acceptance or neutral words. However, in the adolescent group, this regulatory region did not discriminate between rejection and neutral words, and responded more to acceptance words than to rejection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sebastian et al., 2010b
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Guyer et al. (2008), the previous finding of an age-related decrease in amygdala engagement during passive viewing of fearful faces was confirmed, and greater activity in the FFA in adolescents relative to adults during this contrast was also shown.
“The study confirmed the previous finding showing an age-related decrease in amygdala engagement during passive viewing of fearful faces, and also showed greater activity in the FFA in adolescents relative to adults during this contrast.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyer et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Guyer et al. (2009), in females only, there was an age-related increase in activity during expectation of peer evaluation, within brain regions involved in affective processing (nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, hippocampus and insula), but no differences within the ACC or other social brain regions.
“Results showed that in females only, there was an age-related increase in activity during expectation of peer evaluation, within brain regions involved in affective processing (nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, hippocampus and insula), but no differences within the ACC or other social brain regions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyer et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe BOLD response is thought to be generated by local excitatory synaptic activity, leading to precisely localised changes in blood flow in response to the release of glutamate.
“The BOLD response is thought to be generated by local excitatory synaptic activity (Logothetis et al., 2001), leading to precisely localised changes in blood flow in response to the release of glutamate (Attwell and Iadecola, 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationHistological studies have shown evidence for synaptic proliferation in certain brain regions at around the start of adolescence, with protracted synaptic pruning occurring across the remainder of adolescence.
“Histological studies have shown evidence for synaptic proliferation in certain brain regions at around the start of adolescence, with protracted synaptic pruning occurring across the remainder of adolescence (e.g. human frontal cortex: Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1998; primate: Bourgeois and Rakic, 1993; Rakic et al., 1986).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThis increase in axonal conduction speed would allow for greater temporal precision and inter-regional synchronisation.
“This would not only ‘speed up’ neural processing, but allow for greater temporal precision and, e.g. inter-regional synchronisation (Paus et al., 1999; see e.g. Fornari et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Paus et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Fornari et al., 2007
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe impact of increased levels of circulating gonadal (as well as adrenal) puberty hormones on brain and behaviour in humans is not fully understood.
“The impact of increased levels of circulating gonadal (as well as adrenal) puberty hormones on brain and behaviour in humans is not fully understood (Blakemore et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blakemore et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThe models are broadly compatible, differing in their degree of focus on social cognition and in the level of detailed description at each level of explanation.
“The models are broadly compatible, differing in their degree of focus on social cognition and in the level of detailed description at each level of explanation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationResults from a recent primate electrophysiology study suggest that the pruning of excitatory synapses in DLPFC could have functional impact, since the synapses which undergo pruning may be functionally mature.
“Results from a recent primate electrophysiology study suggest that the pruning of excitatory synapses in DLPFC could have functional impact, since the synapses which undergo pruning may be functionally mature (Gonzalez-Burgos et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gonzalez-Burgos et al., 2008
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningUsing a number of social cognition tasks, fMRI studies have shown changes in functional brain activity, which occurrs alongside emerging social cognitive proficiency and neuroanatomical development.
“Using a number of social cognition tasks, fMRI studies have shown changes in functional brain activity, which occurrs alongside emerging social cognitive proficiency and neuroanatomical development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA conceptual framework that accommodates these potentially bidirectional causal relationships is provided within the Interactive Specialisation account.
“A conceptual framework that accommodates these potentially bidirectional causal relationships is provided within the Interactive Specialisation account (Johnson et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Johnson et al., 2009
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningNeuroanatomical development, leading to enhanced local and interregional neural processing capacity, may be necessary for transitions between each stage of cognitive development.
“Neuroanatomical development, leading to enhanced local and interregional neural processing capacity, may be necessary for transitions between each stage of cognitive development.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
“Recent cross-sectional developmental fMRI studies suggest that the prolonged acquisition of face processing abilities is mirrored by protracted functional specialisation within the cortical face processing network”
The paper relies on this without support.
Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
“Functional MRI studies show differences between adolescence and adulthood in patterns of activity within these regions and, more recently, in their patterns of functional connectivity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The tasks used in the reviewed studies validly isolate the social cognitive processes they are intended to measure.
“This renders any age-associated improvement in performance difficult to attribute to improved mentalising ability per se.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
“Implicit in these models is the reasonable assumption that adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI, and that the changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
“Implicit in these models is the reasonable assumption that adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI, and that the changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Adolescence is a critical time period for neuroanatomical change and maturation, which translates into behavioral development, including cognitive function, social cognition, and executive function.
“Adolescence is also a critical time period for neuroanatomical change and maturation, which translates into behavioral development, including cognitive function, social cognition, and executive function (285, 286).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [286]
Ventromedial PFC and medial OFC activation likely reflects engagement in social cognitive processes, consistent with past research associating these regions with social and self-relevant evaluative processes.
“Also falling within our medial cluster of activation, ventromedial PFC and medial OFC activation likely reflects engagement in social cognitive processes, consistent with past research that has associated these regions with social and self-relevant evaluative processes (Burnett et al., 2011; Pfeifer et al., 2013; 2011).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
Mentalizing and self-evaluative processes, as well as their associated midline structures, are thought to continue to mature throughout the adolescent period.
“For example, mentalizing and self-evaluative processes, as well as their associated midline structures are thought to continue to mature throughout the adolescent period (Burnett et al., 2011; Pfeifer and Peake, 2012).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened sensitivity to social experiences, particularly peer interactions.
“While much behavioral research shows that adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened sensitivity to social experiences in particular (e.g., peer interactions), recent reviews of neuroimaging-based evidence corroborate this characteristic of adolescence”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Macchi citation points to a face-preference study
MinorThe text cites Macchi et al. (2004) for MRI measures of white matter integrity, but its reference is a study of newborns' face preference.
“Increases in white matter volume are accompanied by progressive changes in MRI measures of white matter integrity, such as the magnetisation-transfer ratio (MTR) in MRI, and fractional anisotropy (FA) in diffusion-tensor MRI (Macchi et al., 2004; Giorgio et al., 2010; Paus et al., 2008a,b; Fornari et al., 2007).”
“62. Macchi C Turati C Simion F Can a nonspecific bias toward top-heavy patterns explain newborns’ face preference? Psychological Science 2004 15 6 379 383 15147490”
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- Cohen Kadosh, K., Cohen Kadosh, R., Dick, Johnson, M.H., Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, in press.
- Grosbras, 2007, Neural mechanisms of resistance to peer influence in early adolescence, Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 8040, 10.1523/jneurosci.1360-07.2007 · DOI · Paper page
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Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility
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The Teenage Brain: Sensitivity to Social Evaluation
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Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence in mice: implications for brain and behaviour
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“…relating to neuronal architecture and function occur during adolescence that, from an evolutionary perspective, promote the maturation of behaviours and skills such as social and cognitive capabilities necessary to achieve independence from the secure family environment (Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe Teenage Brain: Peer Influences on Adolescent Decision Making
Albert, D., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412471347 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
“Moreover, several developmental neuroimaging studies have indicated that, relative to children and adults, adolescents show heightened neural activation in response to a variety of social stimuli, such as facial expressions and social feedback (Burnett et al., 2011).”
Backgroundde Figueiredo, C. S., Sandre, P. C., Portugal, L. C. L., Mázala-de-Oliveira, T., Chagas, L. D. S., Raony, Í., Ferreira, E. S., Giestal‐de‐Araujo, E., dos Santos, A. A., & Oliveira-Silva, P. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110171 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
The microbiome: a key regulator of stress and neuroinflammation
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“At this developmental stage, distinct changes in neuronal architecture and function occur in adolescence that facilitate the maturation of behavioural, social and cognitive skills (Burnett et al., 2011).”
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“These consist of medial prefrontal cortex [medial Brodmann Area 10 (mBA10)], temporoparietal junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and anterior temporal cortex (ATC).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSocial re-orientation and brain development: An expanded and updated view
Nelson, E. E., Jarcho, J. M., & Guyer, A. E. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.008 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
“…differences have been observed in response to tasks that involve face processing, mentalizing, accessing social knowledge about self and others, and socially interactive decision making (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011; van den Bos et al., 2011; Blakemore, 2012; Pfeifer and Blakemore, 2012).”
Development of the social brain in adolescence
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Self-citationDiet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health
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“[81] Regions within these overlapping systems continue to develop structurally and functionally throughout adolescence[80, 82] and this ongoing neural development has been implicated in the susceptibility of adolescents to peer rejection via heightened affectivity and impaired ability to regulate emotional reactivity.”
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“31,35 For example, during this developmental window many psychological functions such as social brain, 36,37 emotional processing, 34,38 and executive control 39 undergo dramatic and rapid changes.”
Annual Research Review: Towards a developmental neuroscience of atypical social cognition
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Development during Adolescence of the Neural Processing of Social Emotion
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“The lateral–medial distinction has only recently received more attention in developmental cognitive neuroscience, with reviews focusing on internalized inhibition processes [84] and mentalizing processes [85].”
BackgroundAdolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context
Schriber, R. A., & Guyer, A. E. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.009 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self and Others in Adolescence
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“…2001; Pickering, 2001), language and reasoning (e.g., Friederici & Wartenburger, 2010; Kuhl, 2010) and, more recently, social cognition (e.g., Burnett, et al., 2011; Shaw et al., 2012) show improved performance from childhood to young adulthood, especially pronounced during adolescence for…”
Silk, J. S., Stroud, L. R., Siegle, G. J., Dahl, R. E., Lee, K. H., & Nelson, E. E. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr044 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“This may also be a reflection of the continued maturation of structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex which support social cognitive processes like mentalizing and self concept (Sebastian et al., 2008; Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe influence of neuroscience on US Supreme Court decisions about adolescents' criminal culpability
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Variants of Callous-Unemotional Conduct Problems in a Community Sample of Adolescents
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“Importantly, this work is largely consistent with the findings we report from studies using faces as stimuli (see Burnett et al., 2011).”
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“For example, mentalizing and self-evaluative processes, as well as their associated midline structures are thought to continue to mature throughout the adolescent period (Burnett et al., 2011; Pfeifer and Peake, 2012).”
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“Theoretical frameworks have identified several key neural networks that play a role in emotional face processing (Burnett et al., 2011; Haxby et al., 2002; Nelson, et al., 2005; Scherf et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAdolescent social cognitive and affective neuroscience: past, present, and future
Pfeifer, J. H., & Blakemore, S. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr099 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
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“Adolescence is a critical period in the development and maturation of the physiological, emotional and social dimensions of human life (Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAdolescent resilience to addiction: a social plasticity hypothesis
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Adolescents’ Conformity to Their Peers’ Pro‐Alcohol and Anti‐Alcohol Norms: The Power of Popularity
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“During adolescence, peer relationships become more strongly valued and this period is characterized by increased attention to the opinion of peers and higher sensitivity for peer approval (Burnett et al., 2011; Nelson et al., 2005; Steinberg, 2008).”
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Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation in Adolescents and Emerging Adults: A Meta-analytic Study
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“Contents lists available at ScienceDirect NeuroImage j ourna l homepage: www.e lsev ie r .com/ locate /yn img Using real-time fMRI to influence effective connectivity in the developing emotion regulation network Kathrin Cohen Kadosh a,b,⁎, Qiang Luo c,d, Calem de Burca a, Moses O. Sokunbi e,f,g, Jianfeng Feng c,d,h, D…”
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Development of online use of theory of mind during adolescence: An eye-tracking study
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“A meta-analysis of 100 studies with 3- to 6-year-olds by Devine and Hughes (2014) highlighted the association between executive function and ToM. Inhibitory control, like other executive skills, is still maturing during adolescence (Leon-Carrion, García-Orza, & Pérez-Santamaría, 2004; Luna, Padmanabhan, & Hearn, 2011)…”
BackgroundCarmona, S., Martínez‐García, M., Paternina‐Die, M., Barba‐Müller, E., Wierenga, L. M., Alemán‐Gómez, Y., Pretus, C., Marcos‐Vidal, L., Beumala, L., Cortizo, R., et al. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24513 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
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A broad assessment of theory of mind in adolescence: The complexity of mindreading
Bosco, F. M., Gabbatore, I., & Tirassa, M. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.01.003 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Hamilton, J. L., Potter, C. M., Olino, T. M., Abramson, L. Y., Heimberg, R. G., & Alloy, L. B. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0049-0 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Oberwelland, E., Schilbach, L., Barisic, I., Krall, S. C., Vogeley, K., Fink, G. R., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Konrad, K., & Schulte-Rüther, M. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.026 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Adolescent suicide attempts and ideation are linked to brain function during peer interactions
Harms, M. B., Casement, M. D., Teoh, J. Y., Ruiz, S., Scott, H., Wedan, R., & Quevedo, K. (2019) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.05.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Adolescent mice, unlike adults, consume more alcohol in the presence of peers than alone
Logue, S., Chein, J., Gould, T., Holliday, E., & Steinberg, L. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12101 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Specifically, the heightened reward value of peers during adolescence, a phenomenon that has been demonstrated in previous studies of humans (Burnett et al., 2011; Crone & Dahl, 2012) as well as rodents (Calcagnetti & Schecter, 1992; Douglas et al.”
BackgroundStephanou, K., Davey, C. G., Kerestes, R., Whittle, S., Pujol, J., Yücel, M., Fornito, A., López-Solà, M., & Harrison, B. J. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22905 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…we hypothesized developmental effects in a broader network of neural regions, particularly regions within the “social-information processing network,” that are associated with social processing and attention to biologically salient visual imagery [Burnett et al., 2011; Scherf et al., 2012].”
BackgroundFareri, D. S., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Goff, B., Flannery, J., Gee, D. G., Lumian, D. S., Caldera, C., & Tottenham, N. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001456 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“…et al., 2013; Matthews, Dalley, Matthews, Tsai, & Robbins, 2001; Matthews & Robbins, 2003; Matthews, Wilkinson, & Robbins, 1996; Mehta et al., 2010), regions associated with social and affective function (Burnett et al., 2011; Crone & Dahl, 2012; Fareri & Delgado, 2014; Tottenham & Galván, 2016).”
Critical consciousness in late adolescence: Understanding if, how, and why youth act
Tyler, C. P., Olsen, S. G., Geldhof, G. J., & Bowers, E. P. (2020) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101165 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Adolescent brain science and juvenile justice policymaking.
Steinberg, L. D. (2017) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/law0000128 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Non-pharmacological factors that determine drug use and addiction
Ahmed, S. H., Badiani, A., Miczek, K. A., & Müller, C. P. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.015 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“However, alcohol can have disruptive effects on social cognition most likely mediated by its action in higher cortical areas (Burnett et al. 2010; Uekermann and Daum 2008).”
BackgroundThe Neuroscience of Adolescence
Galván, A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316106143 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Li, E. T., Luyten, P., & Midgley, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.559213 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Affective processing (160) and top-down processes involved in understanding and identifying emotions are still developing during adolescence (161).”
BackgroundGraupensperger, S. A., Jaffe, A. E., Fleming, C. B., Kilmer, J. R., Lee, C. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2021) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696820986742 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Young adults are particularly susceptible to peer influences and, as such, perceived peer drinking norms play a central role in shaping college students’ decisions to engage in alcohol use (Burnett et al., 2011; Teunissen et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCrone, E. A., Achterberg, M., Dobbelaar, S., Euser, S., van den Bulk, B. G., van der Meulen, M., van Drunen, L., Wierenga, L. M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100805 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Stereotypes and stereotyping: What's the brain got to do with it?
Susanne Quadflieg, A., & Macrae, C. N. (2011) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.627998 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
van Hoorn, J., Fuligni, A. J., Crone, E. A., & Galván, A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.007 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Although the broader medial PFC is implicated in social cognition, the peak in functional activity during adolescence is generally observed in dorsal medial PFC [42].”
BackgroundFerrie, J., Miller, H., & Hunter, S. C. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104961 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Jaffe, A. E., Graupensperger, S. A., Blayney, J. A., Duckworth, J. C., & Stappenbeck, C. A. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.038 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“1889 larly susceptible to perceived social norms as they have a drive for peer approval [46] and are motivated to adhere to behaviors and attitudes of others as a means of fitting-in and being accepted by peers [47].”
Kim, S., Choi, U.-S., Park, S., Oh, S., Yoon, H.-W., Koh, Y., Wooyoung, I., Park, J.-I., Song, D., Cheon, K.-A. A., et al. (2015) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2015.12.1.37 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Piškulić, D., Liu, L., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., Tsuang, M. T., Walker, E. F., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.017 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Alternatively, there may be high variability when assessing facial emotion perception in youth as it has been suggested that facial emotion perception can vary significantly during the adolescent period due to continuous and non-linear development of the specific brain regions involved in facial emotion perception (Bu…”
BackgroundChung, S., & McBride, A. M. (2015) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.04.008 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Maternal parenting behavior and emotion processing in adolescents—An fMRI study
Romund, L., Raufelder, D., Flemming, E., Lorenz, R. C., Pelz, P., Gleich, T., Heinz, A., & Beck, A. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.09.003 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Hietajärvi, L., Salmela‐Aro, K., Tuominen, H., Hakkarainen, K., & Lonka, K. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.049 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Hunting for What Works: Adolescents in Addiction Treatment
Silvers, J. A., Squeglia, L. M., Thomsen, K. R., Hudson, K. A., & Ewing, S. W. F. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13984 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“…D'Amico and McCarthy, 2006, Kilmer et al., 2006) While neural correlates of peer acceptance and rejection have been evaluated (for a review, see Burnett et al., 2011), few studies have employed ecologically-valid paradigms to evaluate the influence of adolescents’ actual peers on their…”
BackgroundThe salience of self, not social pain, is encoded by dorsal anterior cingulate and insula
Perini, I., Gustafsson, P. A., Hamilton, J. P., Kämpe, R., Zetterqvist, M., & Heilig, M. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24658-8 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Yahfoufi, N., Matar, C., & Ismail, N. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“The first major change during adolescence is neuronal reorganization which is associated with the refinement of social and cognitive abilities, reward sensitivity, and stress responsivity (8,9).”
BackgroundBarbato, M., Liu, L., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., Tsuang, M. T., Walker, E. F., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2015.04.004 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that facial affect processing can vary significantly during the adolescence period due to continuous and non-linear development of the specific brain regions involved in facial affect processing (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011), and therefore high variability might be expected when assessi…”
BackgroundResultSocial network cohesion in school classes promotes prosocial behavior
van den Bos, W., Crone, E. A., Meuwese, R., & Güroğlu, B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194656 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The contribution of imaging genetics to the development of predictive markers for addictions
Loth, E., Carvalho, F. M., & Schumann, G. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.07.008 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Media multitasking and sleep problems: A longitudinal study among adolescents
van der Schuur, W. A., Baumgartner, S. E., Sumter, S. R., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.024 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Adolescence is acknowledged as a unique phase of development characterized by the continuing maturation of cognitive, emotional, and social domains of functioning (e.g., Burnett, Sebastian, Kadosh, & Blakemore, 2011).”
A Neurocognitive Model of Self-Concept Development in Adolescence
Crone, E. A., Green, K. H., van de Groep, I. H., & van der Cruijsen, R. (2022) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120920-023842 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Development of Risk-Taking, Perspective-Taking, and Inhibitory Control During Adolescence
Humphrey, G., & Dumontheil, I. (2016) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2016.1161764 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Lemmers-Jansen, I. L. J., Krabbendam, L., Veltman, D. J., & Fett, A.-K. J. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.001 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“better estimation of the social situation, the interaction partner and for improved strategic thinking [2, 23, 29-31]”
Mychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Farran, A., & Esser, M. J. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.048 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Socio-emotional maturation spans the entire develpmental continuum, from childhood through adult life [5–7].”
BackgroundHow Family Resources Affect Materialism and Compulsive Buying
Baker, A. M., Moschis, G. P., Benmoyal‐Bouzaglo, S., & dos Santos, C. P. (2013) · Cross-Cultural Research · doi:10.1177/1069397112473074 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“These agents, in turn, may further reinforce the importance of material possessions and elevate the child’s susceptibility to peer influence on impulsive choices, a notion in line with neuroscience research (Burnett et al., 2010; Ernst & Fudge, 2009; Litt et al., 2011; Steinberg, 2008) and supported by the positive re…”
ResultMoschis, G. P. (2017) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2017.1347341 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…research in neuroscience emphasises the lack of the young person’s impulse control related to inadequate maturing of the brain during adolescence (Litt, Pirouz, & Shiv, 2011), which makes peer influences an important contributor to increased impulsive behaviour in teens (Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialKadosh, K. C., Basso, M., Knytl, P., Johnstone, N., Lau, J. Y. F., & Gibson, G. R. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01422-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Paulus, M., Tsalas, N. R. H., Proust, J., & Sodian, B. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.12.011 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hard to look on the bright side: Neural correlates of impaired emotion regulation in depressed youth
Stephanou, K., Davey, C. G., Kerestes, R., Whittle, S., & Harrison, B. J. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx039 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…of social and nonsocial imagery, but we focused on social images given the saliency of such contexts for youth depression (Casey et al., 2008; Burnett et al., 2011; Marroqu ın, 2011; Crone and Dahl, 2012) and our broader interest in the maturation of social–emotional processes in young…”
BackgroundWhat’s bugging your teen?—The microbiota and adolescent mental health
McVey Neufeld, K.-A., Luczynski, P., Seira Oriach, C., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.005 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“thus gain independence from caregivers (Burnett et al., 2011; Spear, 2011).”
InfluentialLópez, M. J. R., Padrón, I., de Vega, M., & Ferstl, E. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00060 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Reframing the Teenage Wasteland: Adolescent Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
Neufeld, K. M., Luczynski, P., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716635536 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Similarly, significant social and cognitive changes are associated with puberty in the transition to adulthood that allow for that same independence.(3,33) Historically, the brain was considered to have been largely finished in development by puberty, but we now know that this period of profound transition is also ref…”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, Y., Peng, S., Wu, X., Liu, Z., Lian, Z., Fan, H., Kuang, N., Gu, X., Yang, S., Hu, Y., et al. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101566 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“The neural basis of peer influence has been investigated mostly in social-emotional and reward-processing contexts (Burnett et al., 2011; Andrews et al., 2021).”
Graupensperger, S. A., Benson, A. J., & Evans, M. B. (2018) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2017-0339 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Jessar, A. J., Hamilton, J. L., Flynn, M. E., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2015) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431615609157 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“This is surprising, as adolescence is a period of continued emotional development, and in which the social environment may be particularly influential in emotional development (Burnett et al., 2011; Casey et al., 2010; Nelson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundKong, F., Zhao, J., You, X., & Xiang, Y. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000617 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Considerations of fairness in the adolescent brain
Crone, E. A. (2013) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12022 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Schuwerk, T., Döhnel, K., Sodian, B., Keck, I. R., Rupprecht, R., & Sommer, M. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22377 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…that has yet to be answered is whether these changes in functional activity reflect the maturation of the neural network underpinning ToM reasoning or whether they reflect a developmental change in cognitive processes constituting ToM reasoning per se [Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011].”
BackgroundAmygdala habituation and uncinate fasciculus connectivity in adolescence: A multi-modal approach
Hein, T. C., Mattson, W. I., Dotterer, H. L., Mitchell, C. M., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Thomason, M. E., Peltier, S., Welsh, R. C., Hyde, L. W., & Monk, C. S. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.058 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“, face processing) consistently demonstrate reduced reactivity from adolescence into adulthood (Blakemore 2008, 2012; Burnett et al., 2009; Burnett et al., 2011; Gunther Moor et al., 2011; Pfeifer and Blakemore, 2012; Pfeifer et al., 2007; Monk et al., 2003; Nelson et al., 2015).”
Papatraianou, L., Levine, D. T., & West, D. (2014) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2014.974661 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Marusak, H. A., Carré, J., & Thomason, M. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…'social landscape' (Ernst and Fudge, 2009) and in structure and function of brain regions involved in processing social stimuli (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011), it is important that neural systems are capable of preferentially responding to cues in the environment that are most…”
Neural Dynamic Responses of Monetary and Social Reward Processes in Adolescents
Wang, D., Liu, T., & Shi, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00141 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Politte‐Corn, M., Nick, E. A., & Kujawa, A. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12640 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The neural development of prosocial behavior from childhood to adolescence
Do, K. T., McCormick, E. M., & Telzer, E. H. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy117 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“, 2014) and functional (Burnett and Blakemore, 2009; Burnett et al., 2011; Klapwijk et al., 2013) maturation within neural circuits that support social cognition (e.”
BackgroundExposure to early childhood maltreatment and its effect over time on social cognition
Crawford, K. M., Choi, K., Davis, K. A., Zhu, Y., Soare, T. W., Smith, A. D. A. C., Germine, L. T., & Dunn, E. C. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000139x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Developmental Risk I: Depression and the Developing Brain
Weir, J. M., Zakama, A. K., & Rao, U. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.01.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“specific areas and circuits within the brain that are involved in the development of emotional and cognitive abilities.(31,34) –36”
Background
- Authors
- Burnett, S., Sebastian, C., Cohen Kadosh, K., & Blakemore, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1654-1664
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4538788
- OpenAlex
- W2079522256
- Semantic Scholar
- db322dec758616ba4794e75d2fc0bb727ddabe9e
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (077539)
- Royal Society
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- social brain, social cognition, adolescence, cognitive development, face processing, mental state inference, peer influence, social evaluation, neurophysiological mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Psychology, Adolescent, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Critical Period, Psychological, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Adolescent Development, Young Adult, Functional Neuroimaging
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