Maternal tobacco exposure and cotinine levels in fetal fluids in the first half of pregnancy
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the distribution of cotinine in fetal fluids and serum during the first half of pregnancy, and compare the fetal and maternal cotinine levels in passive and active smokers. METHODS: Maternal smoking status was determined by questionnaire in 85 pregnant women requesting abortion for psychosocial reasons between 7 and 17 weeks' gestation. Coelomic and amniotic fluid samples were collected between 7 and 11 weeks and fetal blood and amniotic fluid between 11 and 17 weeks. Cotinine levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Women classified themselves as nonsmokers in 40 cases, passive smokers in 19 cases, and voluntary smokers in 26 cases. Five nonsmokers, 16 passive smokers, and all smokers had cotinine levels above the detection limit of the assay. Cotinine was invariably found in coelomic, amniotic, and fetal serum when maternal serum and urine cotinine levels exceeded 25 and 250 ng/mL, respectively. Higher cotinine levels were found in fetal fluids and serum than in maternal serum. Positive linear correlations were found between maternal urine and amniotic fluid cotinine concentrations (r = .75), between maternal urine cotinine concentration and number of cigarettes smoked per day (r = .66), and between maternal and fetal serum cotinine concentrations (r = .97). CONCLUSION: Cotinine accumulates in the fetal compartments as early as 7 weeks' gestation in both active and passive smokers. Women should be advised to give up smoking from conception and avoid environmental tobacco smoke exposure.
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Nicotine crosses the placenta in utero.
“Nicotine, the primary addictive substance in tobacco smoke, has been shown to cross the placenta in utero as evidenced by high levels of cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, in the amniotic fluid of pregnant smokers and in blood spots from neonates exposed in utero.11,12”
From Impact of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine Exposure on Lung Development (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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Prenatal Maternal Smoking and Tourette Syndrome: A Nationwide Register Study
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Preterm newborns show slower repair of oxidative damage and paternal smoking associated DNA damage
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Fetal amino acid and enzyme levels with maternal smoking*1
Jauniaux, E. R. M. (1999) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00548-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationIn-vivo concentrations of inhibins, activin A and follistatin in human early pregnancy
Muttukrishna, S., Jauniaux, E. R. M., McGARRIGLE, H. H. G., Groome, N. P., & Rodeck, C. H. (2004) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61653-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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McNair, L. F., & Kohlmeier, K. A. (2015) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174414000439 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Tabagisme et complications gravidiques
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Maritz, G. S., & Windvogel, S. L. (2003) · Experimental Lung Research · doi:10.1080/01902140303785 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Early life exposure to dietary and inhalant allergens
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Fetal exposure to tobacco: nicotine and cotinine concentration in amniotic fluid and maternal saliva
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Complicated gastroschisis and maternal smoking: a causal association?
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Solutes in Maternal Circulation and Gestational Sac Compartments during Early Human Development
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Factors affecting the early embryonic environment
Johns, J., Jauniaux, E. R. M., & Burton, G. J. (2006) · Reviews in Gynaecological and Perinatal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.rigapp.2006.05.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationPrenatal Exposure to Cigarette Smoke and Anogenital Distance at 4 Years in the INMA-Asturias Cohort
García‐Villarino, M., Fernández‐Iglesias, R., Galán, I. R., Rodríguez-Dehli, C., Babarro, I., Fernández‐Somoano, A., & Tardón, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094774 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Fetal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and male reproductive function in young adulthood
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Selective Expression of Nicotinic Receptor Sub-unit mRNA in Early Human Fetal Forebrain
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Beltrán-Castillo, S., Bravo, K., & Eugenín, J. L. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0_10 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jauniaux, E.
- Affiliations
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Jauniaux, E
- ORCID
- Jauniaux, E
- Venue
- Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-29
- ISSN
- 0029-7844 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2004434283
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
- Keywords
- maternal smoking, passive smoking, cotinine, fetal fluids, amniotic fluid, coelomic fluid, fetal serum, first trimester, pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke, cigarette smoking during pregnancy
- MeSH terms
- Amniotic Fluid, Cotinine, Female, Fetal Blood, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, First, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smoking, Tissue Distribution, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Maternal Exposure
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