Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 358

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Meningococcal meningitis in Africa

Greenwood, Brian·1999·Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
DOI 10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90106-2
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This review covers the history of meningococcal meningitis in Africa since epidemics of the infection were first described around 100 years ago. It is possible that an epidemic strain of the meningococcus was introduced into West Africa from the Sudan by pilgrims returning from the Haj around the turn of the century. Since 1905 major epidemics of meningococcal meningitis have occurred in countries of the Sahel and sub-Sahel every few years, culminating in a massive epidemic in which nearly 200,000 cases were reported in 1996. Attempts to control epidemic meningococcal meningitis in Africa by vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines have met with only modest success because epidemics can progress with great rapidity and vaccination is often started too late. This situation should be improved as a result of a recent initiative, the International Coordinating Group (ICG), which is contributing to better surveillance in countries at risk and ensuring that vaccine is available when needed. However, in the medium term, the best prospect for the control of meningococcal meningitis in Africa lies in the recent development of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines which, unlike polysaccharide vaccines, are immunogenic in the very young, induce immunological memory and are likely to give long-lasting protection.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90106-2

Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 41 references

Cited by

See all 358

Metadata

Authors
Greenwood, B.
Venue
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1999-07
Volume
93
Issue
4
Pages
341-353
ISSN
0035-9203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90106-2
OpenAlex
W1932294717
Cited by
358
References
41
FWCI
2.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Meningococcal meningitis in Africa. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90106-2
The paper
Greenwood, B. (1999). Meningococcal meningitis in Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90106-2

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.