The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neuronal basis of contrast discrimination
Open accessAbstract
Psychophysical contrast increment thresholds were compared with neuronal responses, inferred from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test the hypothesis that contrast discrimination judgements are limited by neuronal signals in early visual cortical areas. FMRI was used to measure human brain activity as a function of stimulus contrast, in each of several identifiable visual cortical areas. Contrast increment thresholds were measured for the same stimuli across a range of baseline contrasts using a temporal 2AFC paradigm. FMRI responses and psychophysical measurements were compared by assuming that: (1) fMRI responses are proportional to local average neuronal activity; (2) subjects choose the stimulus interval that evoked the greater average neuronal activity; and (3) variability in the observer's psychophysical judgements was due to additive (IID) noise. With these assumptions, FMRI responses in visual areas V1, V2d, V3d and V3A were found to be consistent with the psychophysical judgements, i.e. a contrast increment was detected when the fMRI responses in each of these brain areas increased by a criterion amount. Thus, the pooled activity of large numbers of neurons can reasonably well predict behavioral performance. The data also suggest that contrast gain in early visual cortex depends systematically on spatial frequency.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Indeed, several studies have found good agreement between the population-level responses of gain-modulated neurons (such as the population-average contrast response function) and psychophysical performance (for example, in visual contrast discrimination) in humans and non-human primates12,20–24.”
From Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
Citations
Cites
An Introduction to the Bootstrap
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1994) · doi:10.1201/9780429246593 · Cited by 40,500
An Introduction to the Bootstrap
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-4541-9 · Cited by 21,230
Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.
Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R., & Tank, D. W. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868 · Cited by 6,483
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation.
Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., & Turner, R. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675 · Cited by 4,212
Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., Ellermann, J. M., Kim, S. G., Merkle, H., & Ugurbil, K. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.5951 · Cited by 3,681
Borders of Multiple Visual Areas in Humans Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Sereno, M. I., Dale, A. M., Reppas, J. B., Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Brady, T. J., Rosen, B. R., & Tootell, R. B. H. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7754376 · Cited by 2,663
Linear Systems Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Human V1
Boynton, G., Engel, S., Glover, G., & Heeger, D. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-13-04207.1996 · Cited by 2,522
Self-citationNormalization of cell responses in cat striate cortex
Heeger, D. J. (1992) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523800009640 · Cited by 1,835
Self-citationA direct demonstration of functional specialization in human visual cortex
Zeki, S., Watson, J. D. G., Lueck, C. J., Friston, K. J., Christopher Kennard, C., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.11-03-00641.1991 · Cited by 1,717
Softky, W., & Koch, C. (1993) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.13-01-00334.1993 · Cited by 1,689
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Teo, 1995, A general mechanistic model of spatial pattern detection, Investigative Opthalmology Visual Science Suppl, 36, 439
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal
Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T., & Oeltermann, A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35084005 · Cited by 6,551
Visual attention: The past 25 years
Carrasco, M. (2011) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.04.012 · Cited by 2,660
The lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition
Kalanit Grill-spector, A., Kourtzi, Z., & Kanwisher, N. (2001) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00073-6 · Cited by 1,492
Kalanit Grill-spector, A., & Malach, R. (2004) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144220 · Cited by 1,248
What does fMRI tell us about neuronal activity?
Heeger, D. J., & Ress, D. B. (2002) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn730 · Cited by 1,135
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Boynton, G. M., Demb, J. B., Glover, G. H., & Heeger, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heeger, David J.
- Venue
- Vision Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 257-269
- ISSN
- 0042-6989 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2145425091
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Vision Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29mh050228-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32-MH10897, R29-MH50228, F32MH010897)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY011794)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41 RR-09784, P41RR009784)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Keywords
- contrast discrimination, early visual cortex, primary visual cortex, V2, V3, population coding, contrast gain, spatial frequency, additive noise model
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Photic Stimulation, Psychophysics, Visual Cortex, Contrast Sensitivity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
