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Cited by 3,681Advanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced Neuroimaging Techniques and ApplicationsFunctional Brain Connectivity Studies

Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging.

Open access
Ogawa, S, Tank, D W, Menon, R, Ellermann, J M, Kim, S G, Merkle, H, Ugurbil, K·1992·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.89.13.5951PMC PMC402116
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Abstract

We report that visual stimulation produces an easily detectable (5-20%) transient increase in the intensity of water proton magnetic resonance signals in human primary visual cortex in gradient echo images at 4-T magnetic-field strength. The observed changes predominantly occur in areas containing gray matter and can be used to produce high-spatial-resolution functional brain maps in humans. Reducing the image-acquisition echo time from 40 msec to 8 msec reduces the amplitude of the fractional signal change, suggesting that it is produced by a change in apparent transverse relaxation time T*2. The amplitude, sign, and echo-time dependence of these intrinsic signal changes are consistent with the idea that neural activation increases regional cerebral blood flow and concomitantly increases venous-blood oxygenation.

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Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.89.13.5951

Cites

15 of 15 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • BOLD fMRI rapidly became dominant because it was easier to implement and offered greater sensitivity.

    “After an initial approach using contrast agents (Belliveau et al., 1991), BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) fMRI rapidly became dominant (Ogawa et al., 1992) because it was easier to implement and offered greater sensitivity.”

    From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as Ogawa et al., 1992

    The Discussion calls intrinsic-signal BOLD mapping a practical improvement over injected contrast agents because it is noninvasive and permits repeated scans, supporting the easier-to-implement rationale. It does not say BOLD rapidly became dominant or establish that it was more sensitive than the contrast-agent approach. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The most widely used fMRI signal is blood oxygenation level dependent and is observable with rapid pulse sequences sensitized to T2*-weighted contrast.

    “The most widely used fMRI signal is blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) (119) and observable with rapid pulse sequences sensitized to the T2*-weighted contrast (120–122).”

    From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [122]

  • The fMRI acquisition is tuned such that image intensity reflects local blood flow and oxygenation changes resulting from variations in local neural activity.

    “The fMRI acquisition is tuned such that the image intensity reflects local blood flow and oxygenation changes resulting from variations in local neural activity [37].”

    From Functional connectomics from resting-state fMRI (2013) · cites this paper as [37]

  • The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal is the basis for fMRI.

    “This phenomenon is the basis for fMRI (8, 9) and is usually referred to as the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal, following Ogawa and colleagues (6).”

    From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [8]

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Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R. & Tank, D. W. (1990) Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 9868-9872.
  2. Cooper, R., Papakostopoulos, D. & Crow, H. J. (1975) Rapid Changes of Cortical Oxygen Associated with Motor and Cog- nitive Function in Man (Churchill Livingstone, Aviemore, Scotland), pp. 1-14.8-14.9.
  3. Fox, P. T. & Raichle, M. E. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 1140-1144.
  4. Frostig, R. D., Lieke, E. E., Ts'o, D. Y. & Grinvald, A. (1990) Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6082-6086.

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Authors
Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., Ellermann, J. M., Kim, S. G., Merkle, H., & Ugurbil, K.
Affiliations
  • AT&T (United States) (US)
  • Biological Computation Research Department, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974.
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
1992-07
Volume
89
Issue
13
Pages
5951-5955
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.89.13.5951
PMC
PMC402116
OpenAlex
W2050717100
Cited by
3,681
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 53 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 112 · 2015: 126 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 134 · 2012: 153
FWCI
80.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
  • National Institutes of Health (5p01hl032427-10)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL32427, HL 33600, R01HL033600)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Keywords
primary visual cortex, visual stimulation, functional brain mapping, gradient echo MRI, T2 relaxation time, cerebral blood flow, venous blood oxygenation, neuronal activation, echo time dependence
MeSH terms
Brain Chemistry, Brain Mapping, Humans, Light, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Water

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