Fire Frequency Models, Methods and Interpretations**This review is dedicated to the memory of M.L. Heinselman . Bud Heinselman pioneered the first fire frequency study and it was his 1969 University of Minnesota seminar on his Boundary Waters Canoe Area study that started one of us (EAJ) thinking about disturbance frequency.

Regression Models and Life-Tables

Cox, D. R. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x · Cited by 39,793 · see citing works

Regression Models and Life-Tables

Cox, D. R. (1992) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_37 · Cited by 26,297 · see citing works

Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs

Connell, J. H. (1978) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.199.4335.1302 · Cited by 9,360 · see citing works

Tree Rings and Climate

Bradley, R. S., & Fritts, H. C. (1978) · Arctic and Alpine Research · doi:10.2307/1550667 · Cited by 4,511 · see citing works

Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data

Lawless, J. F. (2002) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118033005 · Cited by 4,488 · see citing works

The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics.

Proctor, J., Pickett, S. T. A., & White, P. S. (1986) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.2307/2403105 · Cited by 3,948 · see citing works

An Introduction to Tree-Ring Dating

Stokes, M. A., & Smiley, T. L. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,914 · see citing works

Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data.

Francis, B. J., & Lawless, J. F. (1983) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531129 · Cited by 2,789 · see citing works

Tree Rings and Climate

Fritts, H. C. (1972) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0572-92 · Cited by 2,602 · see citing works

The Role of Disturbance in Natural Communities

Sousa, W. P. (1984) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.002033 · Cited by 2,326 · see citing works

Goodness-of-Fit Techniques

Koziol, J. A., D’Agostino, R. B., & Stephens, M. A. (1987) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1165059 · Cited by 1,996 · see citing works

The Analysis of Failure Times in the Presence of Competing Risks

Prentice, R. L., Kalbfleisch, J. D., Peterson, A. V., Flournoy, N., Farewell, V. T., & Breslow, N. E. (1978) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530374 · Cited by 1,544 · see citing works

Applied Life Data Analysis.

Thompson, W. A., & Nelson, W. B. (1983) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288691 · Cited by 1,485 · see citing works

TROPICAL RAINFOREST GAPS AND TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY

DENSLOW, J. S. (1987) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002243 · Cited by 1,299 · see citing works

Goodness-of-Fit Techniques

King, T., D'Agostino, R., & Stephens, M. A. (1987) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269472 · Cited by 1,256 · see citing works

Pattern, process, and natural disturbance in vegetation

White, P. S. (1979) · The Botanical Review · doi:10.1007/bf02860857 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works

Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire

Wagner, C. E. V. (1977) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x77-004 · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works

Population Responses to Patchy Environments

Wiens, J. A. (1976) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.07.110176.000501 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works

Fire in the Virgin Forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota

Heinselman, M. L. (1973) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1016/0033-5894(73)90003-3 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works

Influence of Forest Fires on the North Swedish Boreal Forest

Zackrisson, O. (1977) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3543289 · Cited by 834 · see citing works

A simple method for cross-dating increment cores from living trees

Yamaguchi, D. K. (1991) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x91-053 · Cited by 818 · see citing works

Fire and vegetation dynamics: studies from the North American boreal forest

(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5586 · Cited by 759 · see citing works

Maximum Likelihood Estimation in the Weibull Distribution Based On Complete and On Censored Samples

Cohen, A. (1965) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1965.10490300 · Cited by 726 · see citing works

A Theory of Forest Dynamics: The Ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models

Shugart, H. H. (1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 660 · see citing works

Changes in Vegetation, Structure, and Growth of Southwestern Pine Forests since White Settlement

Cooper, C. F. (1960) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.2307/1948549 · Cited by 535 · see citing works

A Satellite Infrared Technique to Estimate Tropical Convective and Stratiform Rainfall

Adler, R. F., & Negri, A. J. (1988) · Journal of applied meteorology · doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027 · Cited by 475 · see citing works

A methodology for estimating canopy disturbance frequency and intensity in dense temperate forests

Lorimer, C. G., & Frelich, L. E. (1989) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x89-102 · Cited by 461 · see citing works

The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities

WHITTAKER, R. H., & Levin, S. A. (1977) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/0040-5809(77)90039-9 · Cited by 448 · see citing works

Age-class distribution and the forest fire cycle

Wagner, C. E. V. (1978) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x78-034 · Cited by 425 · see citing works

The Statistical Analysis of Series of Events

Arnold, B. C., Bancroft, T. A., Cox, D. R., & Lewis, P. (1966) · Revue de l Institut International de Statistique / Review of the International Statistical Institute · doi:10.2307/1401265 · Cited by 413 · see citing works

Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A.

Baisan, C. H., & Swetnam, T. W. (1990) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x90-208 · Cited by 406 · see citing works

Catastrophic disturbance and the steady state in northern hardwood forests

Bormann, F., & Likens, G. E. (1979) · American Scientist · Cited by 392 · see citing works

Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants

Catchpole, R., Begon, M. E., Mortimer, M., & Thompson, D. J. (1996) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/5684 · Cited by 387 · see citing works

Fire and Climate Change During the Last 750 Yr in Northwestern Minnesota

Clark, J. S. (1990) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.2307/1943042 · Cited by 375 · see citing works

A Graphical Estimation of Mixed Weibull Parameters in Life-Testing of Electron Tubes

Kao, J. H. K. (1959) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1959.10489870 · Cited by 361 · see citing works

Dynamic Structure of Wave-Regenerated Abies Balsamea Forests in the North- Eastern United States

Sprugel, D. G. (1976) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.2307/2258815 · Cited by 337 · see citing works

Forest Succession Models

Shugart, H. H., & West, D. C. (1980) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1307854 · Cited by 296 · see citing works

Fire History of a Sequoia‐Mixed Conifer Forest

Kilgore, B. M., & Taylor, D. (1979) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1936475 · Cited by 295 · see citing works

Applied Life Data Analysis.

Farley, T., & Nelson, W. B. (1983) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531130 · Cited by 272 · see citing works

Using Dendrochronology To Measure Radial Growth of Defoliated Trees

Swetnam, T. W., Thompson, M. A., & Sutherland, E. K. (1985) · Cited by 266 · see citing works

Do One Percent of the Forest Fires Cause Ninety-Nine Percent of the Damage?

Strauss, D., Bednar, L. F., & Mees, R. M. (1989) · Forest Science · doi:10.1093/forestscience/35.2.319 · Cited by 236 · see citing works

The theory and use of two fire history models

Johnson, E. A., & Wagner, C. E. V. (1985) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x85-039 · Cited by 233 · see citing works

Heat transfer through bark, and the resistance of trees to fire.

Vines, R. (1968) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt9680499 · Cited by 227 · see citing works

Climatically Induced Change in Fire Frequency in the Southern Canadian Rockies

Johnson, E. A., & Larsen, C. P. S. (1991) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1938914 · Cited by 226 · see citing works

Population Ecology. A Unified Study of Animals and Plants.

Begon, M. E., & Mortimer, M. (1981) · Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.10735565 · Cited by 211 · see citing works

A method for determining fire history in coniferous forests in the Mountain West

Arno, S. F., & Sneck, K. M. (1977) · Cited by 194 · see citing works

SOME SIMPLE APPROXIMATE TESTS FOR POISSON VARIATES

COX, D. R. (1953) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/40.3-4.354 · Cited by 192 · see citing works

Wildfires in Northern Yellowstone National Park

Houston, D. B. (1973) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1935577 · Cited by 184 · see citing works

Wildfires in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains and their relationship to mid-tropospheric anomalies

Johnson, E. A., & Wowchuk, D. R. (1993) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x93-153 · Cited by 182 · see citing works

Wood structure and identification

Core, H. A., Côté, W. A., & Day, A. (1979) · Syracuse University Press eBooks · Cited by 181 · see citing works

ANALYSIS OF TREE RINGS AND FIRE SCARS TO ESTABLISH FIRE HISTORY

McBride, J. R. (1983) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 171 · see citing works

Estimation of the Shape and Scale Parameters of the Weibull Distribution

Menon, M. V. (1963) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1963.10490073 · Cited by 170 · see citing works

Forest fire cycles and life tables: a case study from interior Alaska

Yarie, J. (1981) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x81-076 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

Single‐Species Spatial Dynamics May Contribute to Long‐Term Rarity and Commonness

Hanski, I. (1985) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1940383 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Fire history and vegetation pattern of coniferous forests in Jasper National Park, Albert

Tande, G. F. (1979) · Canadian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1139/b79-241 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Ecological Disturbance as a Renewal Process: Theory and Application to Fire History

Clark, J. S. (1989) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3566083 · Cited by 139 · see citing works

Contribution of Bark to Fire Resistance of Southern Trees

Hare, R. C. (1965) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jof/63.4.248 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

The role of bark type in relative tolerance to fire of three central Victorian Eucalypts

Gill, A., & Ashton, D. (1968) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt9680491 · Cited by 129 · see citing works

Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest.

Gimingham, C. H., & Johnson, E. A. (1993) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.2307/2261510 · Cited by 123 · see citing works

The Relative Importance or Snow Avalanche Disturbance and Thinning on Canopy Plant Populations

Johnson, E. A. (1987) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1938803 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

On the Renewal Function for the Weibull Distribution

Smith, W. L., & Leadbetter, M. R. (1963) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1963.10490107 · Cited by 100 · see citing works

SYNOPTIC WEATHER TYPES ASSOCIATED WITH CRITICAL FIRE WEATHER

Schroeder, M. J., Glovinsky, M., Henricks, V. F., Hood, F. C., & Hull, M. K. (1964) · doi:10.21236/ad0449630 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics

Taylor, L. R., Picket, S. T. A., & White, P. S. (1990) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/5048 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Viable Populations for Conservation.

Miles, J., & Soule, M. (1988) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.2307/2403874 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Changes in forest fire frequency in Kootenay National Park, Canadian Rockies

Masters, A. M. (1990) · Canadian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1139/b90-227 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Fire Cycles and Community Dynamics in Lodgepole Pine Forests

Brown, J. K. (1975) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 94 · see citing works

The historical role of fire on the Bitterroot National Forest

Arno, S. F. (2017) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 89 · see citing works

A Paleoecological Test of a Classical Hydrosere in the Lake Michigan Dunes

Jackson, S. T., Futyma, R. P., & Wilcox, D. A. (1988) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1941248 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

Increment-borer methods for determining fire history in coniferous forests

Barrett, S. W., & Arno, S. F. (1988) · doi:10.2737/int-gtr-244 · Cited by 82 · see citing works

Two Sample Tests in the Weibull Distribution

Thoman, D. R., & Bain, L. J. (1969) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1969.10490739 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Toward an Understanding of Fire-Scar Formation: Field Observation and Laboratory Simulation

Gill, A. M. (1974) · Forest Science · doi:10.1093/forestscience/20.3.198 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Fire and the Prairie-forest Mosaic of Devils Tower National Monument

Fisher, R. F., Jenkins, M. J., & Fisher, W. F. (1987) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.2307/2425966 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Fire history of southwestern mixed conifer: A case study

Dieterich, J. H. (1983) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/0378-1127(83)90003-8 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Notes: Comparison of Two Approaches for Determining Fire Dates From Tree Scars

Madany, M. H., Swetnam, T. W., & West, N. E. (1982) · Forest Science · doi:10.1093/forestscience/28.4.856 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

The Forests of Itasca in the Nineteenth Century as Related to Fire

Spurr, S. H. (1954) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1931399 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Bark Characteristics and Fire Resistance: A Literature Survey

Spalt, K. W., Reifsnyder, W. E., & Station, S. F. E. (2017) · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Forest fire history of Desolation Peak, Washington

Agee, J. K., Finney, M. A., & de Gouvenain, R. C. (1990) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x90-051 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

FIRE HISTORY OF A PONDEROSA PINE/DOUGLAS FIR FOREST IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE

Goldblum, D., & Veblen, T. T. (1992) · Physical Geography · doi:10.1080/02723646.1992.10642449 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Guidelines for estimating the survival of fire-damaged trees in California /

Wagener, W. W., Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (Berkeley, C. )., & States., U. (1961) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.80499 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Fire History of Oak Gallery Forests in a Northeast Kansas Tallgrass Prairie

Abrams, M. D. (1985) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.2307/2425255 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Porcupine Population Fluctuations in Past Centuries Revealed by Dendrochronology

Spencer, D. A. (1964) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.2307/2401593 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Reconstructing Fire Behaviour and Effects in a Subalpine Forest

Fryer, G. I., & Johnson, E. A. (1988) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.2307/2403766 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Fire History and Perpetuation of Natural Coast Redwood Ecosystems

Jacobs, D. F., Cole, D. W., & McBride, J. R. (1985) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jof/83.8.494 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Blocking signatures in the northern hemisphere: Frequency distribution and interpretation

Knox, J. L., & Hay, J. E. (1985) · Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.3370050102 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Fire frequency reduced two ordersof magnitude in the Bitterroot Canyons, Montana

McCune, B. (1983) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x83-030 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Temperature Distribution Around Synthetic Trees During Grass Fires

Tunstall, B., Walker, J., & Gill, A. M. (1976) · Forest Science · doi:10.1093/forestscience/22.3.269 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Bark Surface and Cambium Temperatures in Simulated Forest Fires

Hare, R. C. (1965) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jof/63.6.437 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Catfaces on Lodgepole Pine--Fire Scars or Strip Kills by the Mountain Pine Beetle?

Mitchell, R. G., Martin, R. E., & Stuart, J. D. (1983) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jof/81.9.598 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

The northeastern United States

Alexander, L. M. (1967) · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Cross-Dating Cores as a Nondestructive Method for Dating Living, Scarred Trees

Sheppard, P. R., Means, J. E., & Lassoie, J. P. (1988) · Forest Science · doi:10.1093/forestscience/34.3.781 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

THE ORIGIN OF BASAL SCARS IN THE BRITISH COLUMBIA INTERIOR WHITE PINE TYPE

Molnar, A. C., & McMinn, R. G. (1960) · The Forestry Chronicle · doi:10.5558/tfc36050-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Interrelationships of fire history, land use history, and landscape pattern within Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan

Loope, W. L. (1991) · The Canadian Field-Naturalist · doi:10.5962/p.357940 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Fire history of Paunsaugunt Plateau in southern Utah

Stein, S. J. (1988) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Comparison of Fire History Estimates between Open-scarred and Intact Quercus douglasii

McClaran, M. P. (1988) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.2307/2426015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

A GUIDE FOR THE RE-ALIGNMENT OF OFF-CENTER INCREMENT BORINGS

Ghent, A. W. (1955) · The Forestry Chronicle · doi:10.5558/tfc31353-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FREQUENCY OF LIGHTNING-CAUSED FOREST FIRES

Ma, M., & Ma, M. (1982) · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Climatic change, wildfire, and conservation

McKENZIE, D., GEDALOF, Z., PETERSON, D. L., & MOTE, P. (2004) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00492.x · Cited by 666 · see citing works

Long-term perspective on wildfires in the western USA

Marlon, J. R., Bartlein, P. J., Gavin, D. G., Long, C. J., Anderson, R. S., Briles, C. E., Brown, K. J., Colombaroli, D., Hallett, D. J., Power, M. J., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1112839109 · Cited by 629 · see citing works

NUMBERS AND SIZES OF FIRES: LONG-TERM SPATIALLY EXPLICIT FIRE HISTORY IN A SWEDISH BOREAL LANDSCAPE

Niklasson, M., & Granström, A. (2000) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1484:nasofl]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 507 · see citing works

Global biomass burning: a synthesis and review of Holocene paleofire records and their controls

Marlon, J. R., Bartlein, P. J., Daniau, A.-L., Harrison, S. P., Maezumi, S. Y., Power, M. J., Tinner, W., & Vanniére, B. (2013) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.029 · Cited by 438 · see citing works

Tree-Ring Reconstructions of Fire and Climate History in the Sierra Nevada and Southwestern United States

Swetnam, T. W., & Baisan, C. H. (2003) · Ecological Studies · doi:10.1007/0-387-21710-x_6 · Cited by 221 · see citing works

Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: how important is fuel age?

Moritz, M. A., Keeley, J. E., Johnson, E. A., & Schaffner, A. A. (2004) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0067:tabaos]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Ecological foundations for fire management in North American forest and shrubland ecosystems

Keeley, J. E., Aplet, G. H., Christensen, N. L., Conard, S. G., Johnson, E. A., Omi, P. N., Peterson, D. L., & Swetnam, T. W. (2009) · doi:10.2737/pnw-gtr-779 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

The role of fire-suppression force in limiting the spread of extremely large forest fires in Portugal

Fernandes, P. M., Pacheco, A. P., Almeida, R., & Claro, J. (2016) · European Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1007/s10342-015-0933-8 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

The effect of climate anomalies and human ignition factor on wildfires in Russian boreal forests

Achard, F., Eva, H. D., Mollicone, D., & Beuchle, R. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2203 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Susquehanna Chorale Spring Concert "Roots and Wings"

Hawkins, D. (2017)

Cloning and Characterization of Rat BAT3 cDNA

Ozaki, T., Hanaoka, E., Naka, M., et al. (1999) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/104454999315222 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

EFFECT OF THE NEMATODE PHASMARHABDITIS HERMAPHRODITA ON YOUNG STAGES OF THE PEST SLUG ARION LUSITANICUS

Grimm, B. (2002) · Journal of Molluscan Studies · doi:10.1093/mollus/68.1.25 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (Bat3)/Scythe is essential for p300-mediated acetylation of p53Preprint

Sasaki, T., Gan, E. C., Wakeham, A. C., Kornbluth, S. A., Mak, T. W., & Okada, H. (2007) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1534107 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Anthoxanthum Mosaic Virus

Catherall, P. L. (1970) · Plant Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1970.tb00999.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works