Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis.

Ziemssen, Tjalf; Schrempf, Wiebke

doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79024-4

Cited by 135Multiple Sclerosis Research StudiesT-cell and B-cell ImmunologyPsoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis

Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis.

Ziemssen, Tjalf, Schrempf, Wiebke·2007·International review of neurobiology

DOI 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79024-4

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Glatiramer acetate (GA), formerly known as copolymer 1, is a mixture of synthetic polypeptides composed of four amino acids resembling the myelin basic protein (MSP). GA has been shown to be highly effective in preventing and suppressing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, it was tested in several clinical studies and so approved for the immunomodulatory treatment of relapsing-type MS. In contrast to other immunomodulatory MS therapies, GA has a distinct mechanism of action: GA demonstrates an initial strong promiscuous binding to major histocompatibility complex molecules and consequent competition with various (myelin) antigens for their presentation to T cells. In addition, antigen-based therapy generating a GA-specific immune response seems to be the prerequisite for GA therapy. GA treatment induces an in vivo change of the frequency, cytokine secretion pattern and the effector function of GA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, probably by affecting the properties of antigen-presenting cells such as monocytes and dendritic cells. As demonstrated extensively in animal experiments, GA-specific, mostly, T helper 2 cells migrate to the brain and lead to in situ bystander suppression of the inflammatory process in the brain. Furthermore, GA-specific cells in the brain express neurotrophic factors like the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in addition to anti-inflammatory T helper 2-like cytokines. This might help tip the balance in favor of more beneficial influences because there is a complex interplay between detrimental and beneficial factors and mediators in the inflammatory milieu of MS lesions.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79024-4

Cites

126 of 126 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Copaxone (glatiramer acetate) is a polypeptide composed of amino acids that mimic amino acids found in the main myelin-sheath protein.
“Copaxone [44] (glatiramer acetate) is a polypeptide composed of amino acids that mimic amino acids found in the main myelin-sheath protein.”
From Fabrication Principles and Their Contribution to the Superior In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy of Nano-Liposomes Remote Loaded with Glucocorticoids (2011) · cites this paper as [44]

Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis
Trapp, B. D., Peterson, J., Ransohoff, R. M., Rudick, R., Mörk, S., & Bö, L. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801293380502 · Cited by 4,029 · see citing works
Physiology of the Neurotrophins
Lewin, G. R., & Barde, Y. (1996) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.001445 · Cited by 1,955 · see citing works
Loss of Functional Suppression by CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Viglietta, V., Baecher‐Allan, C., Weiner, H. L., & Hafler, D. A. (2004) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20031579 · Cited by 1,858 · see citing works
Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
Johnson, K., Brooks, B., Cohen, J. A., Ford, C., Goldstein, J., Lisak, R., Myers, L., Panitch, H., Rose, J., Schiffer, R., et al. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.7.1268 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions
Peterson, J. W., Bö, L., Mörk, S., Chang, A., & Trapp, B. D. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1123 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
Activated Human T Cells, B Cells, and Monocytes Produce Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor In Vitro and in Inflammatory Brain Lesions: A Neuroprotective Role of Inflammation?
Kerschensteiner, M., Gallmeier, E., Behrens, L., Vargas-Leal, V., Misgeld, T., Klinkert, W. E. F., Kolbeck, R., Hoppe, E., Oropeza-Wekerle, R. L., Bartke, I., et al. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.189.5.865 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research
Gold, R. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl075 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
The trkB tyrosine protein kinase is a receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3
Klein, R., Nanduri, V., Jing, S., Lamballe, F., Tapley, P., Bryant, S., Cordon-Cardo, C., Jones, K. R., Reichardt, L. F., & Barbacid, M. (1991) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90628-c · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Acute axonal injury in multiple sclerosis: Correlation with demyelination and inflammation
Bitsch, A. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.6.1174 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Autoimmune T cells protect neurons from secondary degeneration after central nervous system axotomy
Moalem‐Taylor, G., Leibowitz‐Amit, R., Yoles, E., Mor, F., Cohen, I. R., & Schwartz, M. (1999) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/4734 · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Implantation of stimulated homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats
Rapalino, O., Lazarov-Spiegler, O., Agranov, E., Velan, G. J., Yoles, E., Fraidakis, M., Soloman, A., Gepstein, R., Katz, A., Belkin, M., et al. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0798-814 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
European/Canadian multicenter, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging–measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis
Comi, G., Filippi, M., Wolinsky, J. S., & European/Canadian Glatiramer Acetate Study Group (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.64 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging--measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. European/Canadian Glatiramer Acetate Study Group.
Comi, G., Filippi, M., & Wolinsky, J. S. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis: a two-stage disease
Steinman, L. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni0901-762 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Activated Macrophages and Microglia Induce Dopaminergic Sprouting in the Injured Striatum and Express Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Batchelor, P., Liberatore, G. T., Wong, J. Y. F., Porritt, M. J., Frerichs, F., Donnan, G. A., & Howells, D. W. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-05-01708.1999 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Extended use of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is well tolerated and maintains its clinical effect on multiple sclerosis relapse rate and degree of disability
Johnson, K. P., Brooks, B., Cohen, J. A., Ford, C. C., Goldstein, J. M., Lisak, R. P., Myers, L. W., PANITCH, H. S., ROSE, J. W., Schiffer, R. B., et al. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.50.3.701 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration
Bø, L., Vedeler, C. A., Nyland, H., Trapp, B. D., & Mørk, S. J. (2003) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458503ms917oa · Cited by 478 · see citing works
A Pilot Trial of Cop 1 in Exacerbating–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Bornstein, M. B., Miller, A., Slagle, S., Weitzman, M., Crystal, H., Drexler, E. D., Keilson, M. J., Merriam, A. E., Wassertheil-Smoller, S. W., Spada, V., et al. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198708133170703 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by a synthetic polypeptide
Teitelbaum, D., Meshorer, A., Hirshfeld, T., Arnon, R., & Sela, M. (1971) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830010406 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
BDNF and gp145trkB in multiple sclerosis brain lesions: neuroprotective interactions between immune and neuronal cells?
Stadelmann, C., Kerschensteiner, M., Misgeld, T., Brück, W., Hohlfeld, R., & Lassmann, H. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf015 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®) induces degenerate, Th2-polarized immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis
Duda, P. W., Schmied, M. C., Cook, S. L., Krieger, J. I., & Hafler, D. A. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci8970 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Nerve Growth Factor Is an Autocrine Survival Factor for Memory B Lymphocytes
Torcia, M. G., Bracci‐Laudiero, L., Lucibello, M., Nencioni, L., Labardi, D., Rubartelli, A., Cozzolino, F., Aloe, L., & Garaci, E. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81113-7 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate fights against Alzheimer’s disease by inducing dendritic-like microglia expressing insulin-like growth factor 1
Butovsky, O., Koronyo-Hamaoui, M., Kunis, G., Ophir, E., Landa, G., Cohen, H., & Schwartz, M. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604681103 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Evidence for widespread axonal damage at the earliest clinical stage of multiple sclerosis.
Filippi, M., Bozzali, M., Rovaris, M., Gonen, O., Kesavadas, C., Ghezzi, A., Martinelli, V., Grossman, R., Scotti, G., Comi, G., et al. (2003) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awg038 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
The cognitive paradigm and the immunological homunculus
Cohen, I. R. (1992) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(92)90024-2 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Innate and adaptive immune responses can be beneficial for CNS repair
Schwartz, M., Moalem‐Taylor, G., Leibowitz‐Amit, R., & Cohen, I. R. (1999) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01405-8 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis
Hafler, D. A. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci21357 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Th1-Th2: Reliable paradigm or dangerous dogma?
Allen, J. E., & Maizels, R. M. (1997) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01102-x · Cited by 308 · see citing works
T cell immunity to copolymer 1 confers neuroprotection on the damaged optic nerve: Possible therapy for optic neuropathies
Kipnis, J., Yoles, E., Porat, Z., Cohen, A., Mor, F., Sela, M., Cohen, I. R., & Schwartz, M. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7446 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis: Comparison of copolymer-1- reactive T cell lines from treated and untreated subjects reveals cytokine shift from T helper 1 to T helper 2 cells
Neuhaus, O., Farina, C., Yassouridis, A., Wiendl, H., Bergh, F. T., Dose, T., Wekerle, H., & Hohlfeld, R. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7452 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Vaccination for protection of retinal ganglion cells against death from glutamate cytotoxicity and ocular hypertension: Implications for glaucoma
Schori, H., Kipnis, J., Yoles, E., WoldeMussie, E., Ruíz, G., Wheeler, L. A., & Schwartz, M. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.041609498 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Neurotrophic cross‐talk between the nervous and immune systems: Implications for neurological diseases
Kerschensteiner, M., Stadelmann, C., Dechant, G., Wekerle, H., & Hohlfeld, R. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10446 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Copolymer 1 induces T cells of the T helper type 2 that crossreact with myelin basic protein and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Aharoni, R., Teitelbaum, D., Sela, M., & Arnon, R. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.20.10821 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate-specific T-helper 1- and 2-type cell lines produce BDNF: implications for multiple sclerosis therapy
Ziemssen, T. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf252 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Self-citation
Induction of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells by copolymer-I through activation of transcription factor Foxp3
Hong, J., Li, N., Zhang, X., Zheng, B. Q., & Zhang, J. Z. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0502187102 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate reduces the proportion of new MS lesions evolving into “black holes”
Filippi, M., Rovaris, M., Rocca, M. A., Sormani, M. P., Wolinsky, J. S., Comı, G., & the European/Canadian Glatiramer Acetate Study Group* (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.4.731 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Mechanisms of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis
Neuhaus, O., Farina, C., Wekerle, H., & Hohlfeld, R. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.6.702 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Direct binding of myelin basic protein and synthetic copolymer 1 to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules on living antigen-presenting cells--specificity and promiscuity.
Fridkis‐Hareli, M., Teitelbaum, D., Gurevich, E. P., Pecht, I., Brautbar, C., Kwon, O.-J., Brenner, T., Arnon, R., & Sela, M. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.11.4872 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate reduces the proportion of new MS lesions evolving into “black holes”
Richert, N. D. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.9.1440-a · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate-specific T cells in the brain express T helper 2/3 cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in situ
Aharoni, R., Kayhan, B., Eilam, R., Sela, M., & Arnon, R. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2336171100 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Treatment of multiple sclerosis with Copolymer-1 (Copaxone®): implicating mechanisms of Th1 to Th2/Th3 immune-deviation
Miller, A., Shapiro, S., Gershtein, R., Kinarty, A., Rawashdeh, H., Honigman, S., & Lahat, N. (1998) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00191-x · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Glatiramer Acetate (Copolymer-1, Copaxone) Promotes Th2 Cell Development and Increased IL-10 Production Through Modulation of Dendritic Cells
Vieira, P. L., Heystek, H. C., Wormmeester, J., Wierenga, E. A., & Kapsenberg, M. L. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4483 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Specific Th2 cells accumulate in the central nervous system of mice protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by copolymer 1
Aharoni, R., Teitelbaum, D., Leitner, O., Meshorer, A., Sela, M., & Arnon, R. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.21.11472 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Cutting Edge: Clonally Restricted Production of the Neurotrophins Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurotrophin-3 mRNA by Human Immune Cells and Th1/Th2-Polarized Expression of Their Receptors
Besser, M. J., & Wank, R. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6303 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice
Aharoni, R., Eilam, R., Domev, H., Labunskay, G., Sela, M., & Arnon, R. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0509438102 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Therapeutic Induction of Regulatory, Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis
Tennakoon, D. K., Mehta, R. S., Ortega, S. B., Bhoj, V. G., Racke, M. K., & Karandikar, N. J. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.7119 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis and its potential for the development of new applications
Arnon, R., & Aharoni, R. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0404887101 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) therapy induces CD8+ T cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis
Karandikar, N. J., Crawford, M. P., Yan, X., Ratts, R. B., Brenchley, J. M., Ambrozak, D. R., Lovett‐Racke, A. E., Frohman, E. M., Šťastný, P., Douek, D. C., et al. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci14380 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Type 2 Monocyte and Microglia Differentiation Mediated by Glatiramer Acetate Therapy in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis1
Kim, H., Ifergan, I., Antel, J., Séguin, R., Duddy, M., Lapierre, Y., Jalili, F., & Bar-Or, A. (2004) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.7144 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Therapeutic vaccine for acute and chronic motor neuron diseases: Implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Angelov, D. N., Waibel, S., Guntinas‐Lichius, O., Lenzen, M., Neiss, W. F., Tomov, T. L., Yoles, E., Kipnis, J., Schori, H., Reuter, A., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0530191100 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Copolymer 1 acts against the immunodominant epitope 82–100 of myelin basic protein by T cell receptor antagonism in addition to major histocompatibility complex blocking
Aharoni, R., Teitelbaum, D., Arnon, R., & Sela, M. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.2.634 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) therapy induces CD8+ T cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis
Karandikar, N. J., Crawford, M. P., Yan, X., et al. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200214380 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Bystander suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by T cell lines and clones of the Th2 type induced by copolymer 1
Aharoni, R., Teitelbaum, D., Sela, M., & Arnon, R. (1998) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00166-0 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis: glatiramer acetate inhibits monocyte reactivity in vitro and in vivo.
Weber, M. S., Starck, M., Wagenpfeil, S., Meinl, E., Hohlfeld, R., & Farina, C. (2004) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awh163 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Butovsky, O. et al. Glatiramer acetate fights against Alzheimer's disease by inducing dendritic-like microglia expressing insulin-like growth factor 1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 11784-11789
Butovsky, O., Koronyo‐Hamaoui, M., Kunis, G., Ophir, E., Landa, G., Cohen, H., & Schwartz, M. (2006) · Cited by 144 · see citing works
A prospective open-label study of glatiramer acetate: over a decade of continuous use in multiple sclerosis patients
Ford, C. C., Johnson, K. P., Lisak, R. P., PANITCH, H. S., Shifroni, G., Wolinsky, J. S., & The Copaxone® Study Group (2006) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/135248506ms1318oa · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis: update on potential mechanisms of action
Farina, C., Weber, M. S., Meinl, E., Wekerle, H., & Hohlfeld, R. (2005) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70167-8 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) treatment in relapsing–remitting MS
Ge, Y., Grossman, R. I., Udupa, J. K., Fulton, J. C., Constantinescu, C. S., Gonzales–Scarano, F., Babb, J. S., Mannon, L. J., Kolson, D. L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.4.813 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Axonal metabolic recovery and potential neuroprotective effect of glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Khan, O., Shen, Y., Caon, C., Bao, F., Ching, W., Reznar, M. M., Buccheister, A., Hu, J., Latif, Z., Tselis, A. C., et al. (2005) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458505ms1234oa · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Impaired maturation and altered regulatory function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis
Stasiołek, M., Bayas, A., Kruse, N., Wieczarkowiecz, A., Toyka, K. V., Gold, R., & Selmaj, K. W. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl043 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Humoral and cellular immune responses to Copolymer 1 in multiple sclerosis patients treated with Copaxone®
Brenner, T., Arnon, R., Sela, M., Abramsky, O., Meiner, Z., Kreitman, R., Tarcik, N., & Teitelbaum, D. (2001) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00250-8 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys by a synthetic basic copolymer
Teitelbaum, D., Webb, C., Bree, M. M., Meshorer, A., Arnon, R., & Sela, M. (1974) · Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/0090-1229(74)90012-9 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Suppression by several synthetic polypeptides of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced in guinea pigs and rabbits with bovine and human basic encephalitogen
Teitelbaum, D., Webb, C., Meshorer, A., Arnon, R., & Sela, M. (1973) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830030505 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The inductive effect of interleukin-4 on IgG4 and IgE synthesis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes
ISHIZAKA, A., Sakiyama, Y., NAKANISHI, M., Tomizawa, K., Oshika, E., KOJIMA, K., TAGUCHI, Y., KANDIL, E., & Matsumoto, S. (1990) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb08101.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Measurement error of two different techniques for brain atrophy assessment in multiple sclerosis
Sormani, M. P., Rovaris, M., Valsasina, P., Wolinsky, J. S., Comı, G., & Filippi, M. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000120663.85143.b3 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate-reactive T cells produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Chen, M., Valenzuela, R. M., & Dhib-Jalbut, S. S. (2003) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(03)00177-1 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Treatment of multiple sclerosis with Copaxone (COP): Elispot assay detects COP-induced interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma response in blood cells
Farina, C. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.4.705 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Promiscuous Binding of Synthetic Copolymer 1 to Purified HLA-DR Molecules
Fridkis‐Hareli, M., & Strominger, J. L. (1998) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.160.9.4386 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
United States open-label glatiramer acetate extension trial for relapsing multiple sclerosis: MRI and clinical correlates
Wolinsky, J. S., Narayana, P. A., & Johnson, K. P. (2001) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245850100700107 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Immunomodulatory synergy by combination of atorvastatin and glatiramer acetate in treatment of CNS autoimmunity
Stüve, O. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci25805 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Additive effect of the combination of glatiramer acetate and minocycline in a model of MS
Giuliani, F., Metz, L. M., Wilson, T., Fan, Y., Bar‐Or, A., & Yong, V. W. (2004) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.09.006 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The neuroprotective effect of inflammation: implications for the therapy of multiple sclerosis
Hohlfeld, R., Kerschensteiner, M., Stadelmann, C., Lassmann, H., & Wekerle, H. (2006) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-006-0537-7 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
In vivo and in vitro immunological cross‐reactions between basic encephalitogen and synthetic basic polypeptides capable of suppressing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
Webb, C., Teitelbaum, D., Arnon, R., & Sela, M. (1973) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830030506 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The role of the humoral immune system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)
Ziemssen, T., & Ziemssen, F. (2005) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2005.03.005 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
Antibodies to glatiramer acetate do not interfere with its biological functions and therapeutic efficacy
Teitelbaum, D., Brenner, T., Abramsky, O., Aharoni, R., Sela, M., & Arnon, R. (2003) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458503ms963oa · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Effect of copolymer-1 on serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
Mancardi, G., Sardanelli, F., Parodi, R. C., Melani, E. F., Capello, E., Inglese, M., Ferrari, A., Sormani, M. P., Ottonello, C., Levrero, F., et al. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.50.4.1127 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Effect of a synthetic polypeptide (Cop 1) on patients with multiple sclerosis and with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Abramsky, O., Teitelbaum, D., & Arnon, R. (1977) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(77)90220-9 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate and IFN-β act on dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis
Hussien, Y., Sanna, A., Söderström, M. B., Link, H., & Huang, Y.-M. (2001) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00432-5 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis: Trial of a synthetic polypeptide
Bornstein, M. B., Miller, A., Teitelbaum, D., Arnon, R., & Sela, M. (1982) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410110314 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
T suppressor hybridomas and interleukin‐2‐dependent lines induced by copolymer 1 or by spinal cord homogenate down‐regulate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
Aharoni, R., Teitelbaum, D., & Arnon, R. (1993) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830230105 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
United States open-label glatiramer acetate extension trial for relapsing multiple sclerosis: MRI and clinical correlates
Wolinsky, J. S., Narayana, P. A., & Johnson, K. P. (2001) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/135245801667520627 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Effects of oral glatiramer acetate on clinical and MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study
Filippi, M., Wolinsky, J. S., & Comi, G. (2006) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70327-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Copolymer 1: from basic research to clinical application
Teitelbaum, D., Arnon, R., & Sela, M. (1997) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/pl00000576 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Axonal damage is reduced following glatiramer acetate treatment in C57/bl mice with chronic-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Gilgun‐Sherki, Y., Panet, H., Holdengreber, V., Galili-Mosberg, R., & Offen, D. (2003) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(03)00217-7 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Risk-Benefit Assessment of Glatiramer Acetate in Multiple Sclerosis
Ziemssen, T., Neuhaus, O., & Hohlfeld, R. (2001) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/00002018-200124130-00005 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Induction of IL-10 in rat peritoneal macrophages and dendritic cells by glatiramer acetate
Jung, S., Siglienti, I., Grauer, O. M., Magnus, T., Scarlato, G., & Toyka, K. V. (2004) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.11.014 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Characterization of T cell lines derived from glatiramer-acetate-treated multiple sclerosis patients
Qin, Y., Zhang, D. Q., Prat, A., Pouly, S., & Antel, J. P. (2000) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00263-0 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Human and Murine CD4 T Cell Reactivity to a Complex Antigen: Recognition of the Synthetic Random Polypeptide Glatiramer Acetate
Duda, P. W., Krieger, J. I., Schmied, M. C., Balentine, C., & Hafler, D. A. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.7300 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Polyreactive antibodies to glatiramer acetate promote myelin repair in murine model of demyelinating disease
Ure, D., & Rodriguez, M. (2002) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.01-1023fje · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Molecular requirements involved in suppression of eae by synthetic basic copolymers of amino acids
Webb, C., Teitelbaum, D., Herz, A., Arnon, R., & Sela, M. (1976) · Immunochemistry · doi:10.1016/0019-2791(76)90344-x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Axon damage and repair in multiple sclerosis
Perry, V. H., & Anthony, D. C. (1999) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0509 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by glatiramer acetate-reactive T-helper cell lines: Implications for multiple sclerosis therapy
Ziemssen, T., Kümpfel, T., Schneider, H., Klinkert, W. E. F., Neuhaus, O., & Hohlfeld, R. (2005) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.010 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Treatment with glatiramer acetate induces specific IgG4 antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients
Farina, C., Vargas, V., Heydari, N., Kümpfel, T., Meinl, E., & Hohlfeld, R. (2002) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00490-8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
New insights into the mechanism of action of copolymer 1 of action of copolymer 1 in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis
Arnon, R., Sela, M., & Teitelbaum, D. (1996) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf00873696 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate reduces lymphocyte proliferation and enhances IL-5 and IL-13 production through modulation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis
Sanna, A., Fois, M., Arru, G., Huang, Y., Link, H., M, P., ROSATI, G., & Sotgiu, S. (2006) · UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.02997.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Axonal damage in multiple sclerosis: a complex issue in a complex disease.
Grigoriadis, N., Ben-Hur, T., Karussis, D., & Milonas, I. (2004) · Clinical neurology and neurosurgery (Dutch-Flemish ed. Print) · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2004.02.017 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Meningeal cells can communicate with astrocytes by calcium signaling
Grafstein, B., Liu, S., Cotrina, M. L., Goldman, S. A., & Nedergaard, M. (2000) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200001)47:1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Blocking effects of serum reactive antibodies induced by glatiramer acetate treatment in multiple sclerosis
Salama, H. H. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg269 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The PRO MiSe trial: baseline data review and progress report
Wolinsky, J. S., & PROMiSe Trial Study Group (2004) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458504ms1034oa · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sustained immunological effects of Glatiramer acetate in patients with multiple sclerosis treated for over 6 years
Chen, M., Conway, K. L., Johnson, K. P., Martinꝉ, R., & Dhib-Jalbut, S. S. (2002) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(02)00201-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Immunological assay for assessing the efficacy of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) in multiple sclerosis
Farina, C., Wagenpfeil, S., & Hohlfeld, R. (2002) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-002-0904-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
During 3 years treatment of primary progressive multiple sclerosis with glatiramer acetate, specific antibodies switch from IgG1 to IgG4
Basile, E., Gibbs, E., Aziz, T., & Oger, J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.04.024 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cytokine production in T lymphocyte–microglia interaction is attenuated by glatiramer acetate: a mechanism for therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis
Chabot, S., Yong, F., Le, D., Metz, L., Myles, T., & Yong, V. W. (2002) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458502ms810oa · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Correlation of serum IL-13 and IL-5 levels with clinical response to Glatiramer acetate in patients with multiple sclerosis
Wiesemann, E., Klatt, J., WENZEL, C., Heidenreich, F., & Windhagen, A. (2003) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02238.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate (GA) induces IL-13/IL-5 secretion in naive T cells
Wiesemann, E., Klatt, J., Sönmez, D., Blasczyk, R., Heidenreich, F., & Windhagen, A. (2001) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00379-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate (Copolymer-1)-specific, human T cell lines: cytokine profile and suppression of T cell lines reactive against myelin basic protein
Dabbert, D., Rösner, S., Krämer, M., Schöll, U., Tumani, H., Mäder, M., & Weber, F. (2000) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01289-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Protection against Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Teitelbaum, D., Webb, C., Meshorer, A., Arnon, R., & Sela, M. (1972) · Nature · doi:10.1038/240564b0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Long-term therapy with glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis: effect on T-cells
Ragheb, S., Abramczyk, S., Lisak, D., & Lisak, R. P. (2001) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245850100700108 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate induces pro–apoptotic mechanisms involving Bcl–2, Bax and Cyt–c in peripheral lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients
Ruggieri, M., Avolio, C., Scacco, S., Pica, C., Lia, A., Zimatore, G. B., Papa, S., Livrea, P., & Trojano, M. (2005) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0965-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Human cellular immune response to copolymer I and myelin basic protein
Burns, J. B., Krasner, L. J., & Guerrero, F. (1986) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.36.1.92 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate blocks the activation of THP-1 cells by interferon-γ
Li, Q., Milo, R., PANITCH, H. S., Swoveland, P. T., & Bever, C. T. (1998) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01509-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The PROMiSe trial: baseline data review and progress report
Wolinsky, J. S., & PROMiSe Trial Study Group (2004) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245850401000112 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Immunogenic potentials of copolymer I in normal human lymphocytes
Brosnan, C. F., Litwak, M. S., Neighbour, P. A., Lyman, W. D., Carter, T. H., Bornstein, M. B., & Bloom, B. R. (1985) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.35.12.1754 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Induction of Apoptosis of CD4+ T Cells by Immunomodulatory Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis with Glatiramer Acetate
Rieks, M., Hoffmann, V., Aktaş, O., Juschka, M., Spitzer, I., Brune, N., Schimrigk, S., Przuntek, H., & Pöhlau, D. (2003) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000073860 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Modulating processes within the central nervous system is central to therapeutic control of multiple sclerosis
Ziemssen, T. (2005) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-005-5007-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Therapeutic Strategies To Prevent Neurodegeneration And Promote Regeneration In Multiple Sclerosis
Chitnis, T., Imitola, J., & Khoury, S. J. (2005) · Current Drug Targets - Immune Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.2174/1568008053174804 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Do Th2 cells mediate the effects of glatiramer acetate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis?
Jee, Y., Liu, R., Bai, X., Campagnolo, D. I., Shi, F., & Vollmer, T. L. (2006) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxh394 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Copolymer 1 from the laboratory to FDA.
Teitelbaum, D., Sela, M., & Arnon, R. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A review of the clinical efficacy profile of copolymer 1: New U.S. phase III trial data
Johnson, K. P. (1996) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf00873695 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Inflammatory potential and migratory capacities across human brain endothelial cells of distinct glatiramer acetate-reactive T cells generated in treated multiple sclerosis patients
Kim, H. J., Biernacki, K., Prat, A., Antel, J. P., & Bar‐Or, A. (2004) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2004.01.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Modification of Human T-Cell Responses by Altered Peptide Ligands: A New Approach to Antigen-specific Modification.
Nishimura, Y., Chen, Y.-Z., Kanai, T., Yokomizo, H., Matsuoka, T., & Matsushita, S. (1998) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.37.804 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Neuroprotection and Glatiramer Acetate: The Possible Role in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Ziemssen, T. (2004) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8969-7_7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Behandlung der Multiplen Sklerose mit Glatiramer-Azetat
Ziemssen, T., Neuhaus, O., Farina, C., Hartung, H., & Hohlfeld, R. (2002) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-001-1257-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®) regulates nitric oxide and related cytokine secretion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Kayhan, B., Aharoni, R., & Arnon, R. (2003) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00085-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Clinical Trials of Copolymer I in Multiple Sclerosis
Bornstein, M. B., Miller, A., Slagle, S., Arnon, R., Sela, M., & Teitelbaum, D. (1984) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb14807.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Untitled work
Kordower (1999) · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(199909)46:3

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

MicroRNA miR-326 regulates TH-17 differentiation and is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Du, C., Liu, C., Kang, J., Zhao, G., Ye, Z., Huang, S., Li, Z., Wu, Z., & Pei, G. (2009) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1798 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Effector and Regulatory T-cell Subsets in Autoimmunity and Tissue Inflammation
Jäger, A., & Kuchroo, V. K. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02432.x · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Role of Microglia in Neurological Disorders and Their Potentials as a Therapeutic Target
Du, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Zhu, J., Yang, Y., & Zhang, H.-L. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0245-0 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
A shift from adaptive to innate immunity: a potential mechanism of disease progression in multiple sclerosis
Weiner, H. L. (2008) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-008-1002-8 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Galectin-3 Deficiency Reduces the Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Jiang, H., Rasbi, Z. A., Mensah‐Brown, E. P. K., Shahin, A., Xu, D., Goodyear, C. S., Fukada, S. Y., Liu, F., Liew, F. Y., & Lukić, M. L. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1167 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Trials
Schepici, G., Silvestro, S., Bramanti, P., & Mazzon, E. (2019) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/0963689719873890 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Exploiting microglial and peripheral immune cell crosstalk to treat Alzheimer’s disease
Dionisio-Santos, D. A., Olschowka, J. A., & O’Banion, M. K. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1453-0 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
miR-29ab1-deficiency Identifies a Negative Feedback Loop Controlling Th1 Bias that is Dysregulated in Multiple Sclerosis
Smith, K., Guerau-de-Arellano, M., Costinean, S., Williams, J. L., Bottoni, A., Cox, G., Satoskar, A., Croce, C., Racke, M., Lovett-Racke, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1103171 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis beyond EDSS: depression and fatigue.
Ziemssen, T. (2009) · Journal of Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(09)70011-5 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citation
Essential Role of CD8+CD122+ Regulatory T Cells in the Recovery from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Lee, Y., Ishida, Y., Rifa’i, M., Shi, Z., Isobe, K., & Suzuki, H. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.825 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Monitoring the Redox Status in Multiple Sclerosis
Tanaka, M., & Vécsei, L. (2020) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines8100406 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis in the Arabian Gulf countries: a consensus statement
Bohlega, S., Inshasi, J. S. S., Tahan, A. A., Madani, A. B., Qahtani, H., & Rieckmann, P. (2013) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-013-6876-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
T cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Holmøy, T. (2008) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02065.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Fabrication Principles and Their Contribution to the Superior In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy of Nano-Liposomes Remote Loaded with Glucocorticoids
Avnir, Y., Turjeman, K., Tulchinsky, D., Sigal, A., Kizelsztein, P., Tzemach, D., Gabizon, A., & Barenholz, Y. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025721 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
MicroRNAs in Human Diseases: From Autoimmune Diseases to Skin, Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Ha, T.-Y. (2011) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2011.11.5.227 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Protection of Tregs, Suppression of Th1 and Th17 Cells, and Amelioration of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis by a Physically-Modified Saline
Mondal, S., Martinson, J., Ghosh, S., Watson, R. L., & Pahan, K. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051869 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Neurological immunotherapy in the era of COVID-19 — looking for consensus in the literature
Korsukewitz, C., Reddel, S., Bar‐Or, A., & Wiendl, H. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-020-0385-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cinnamon Ameliorates Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Mice via Regulatory T Cells: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy
Mondal, S., & Pahan, K. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116566 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Approved and Emerging Disease Modifying Therapies on Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis
Bross, M., Hackett, M., & Bernitsas, E. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21124312 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The glatiramoid class of immunomodulator drugs
Varkony, T. H., Weinstein, V., Klinger, E., STERLING, J. J., Cooperman, H., Komlosh, T., Ladkani, D., & Schwartz, R. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656560902802877 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Downregulation of IL-17 and IL-6 in the central nervous system by glatiramer acetate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Begum-Haque, S., Sharma, A., Kasper, I. R., Foureau, D., Mielcarz, D. W., Haque, A., & Kasper, L. H. (2008) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.07.018 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and TrkB receptor in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis
Santi, L. D., Annunziata, P., Sessa, E., & Bramanti, P. (2009) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.057 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis
Papadopoulou, A., D’Souza, M., Kappos, L., & Yaldizli, Ö. (2010) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.2010.534778 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate for treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Johnson, K. P. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.25 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The effects of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on brain function in controls and patients with multiple sclerosis: An imaging genetic study
Cerasa, A., Tongiorgi, E., Fera, F. S., Gioia, M. C., Valentino, P., Liguori, M., Manna, I., Zito, G., Passamonti, L., Nisticò, R., et al. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.022 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Neutrophil perversion in demyelinating autoimmune diseases: Mechanisms to medicine
Casserly, C. S., Nantes, J. C., Hawkins, R. W., & Vallières, L. (2017) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.01.013 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Fiber-Degrading Enzyme Kinetics of Cellulose, Arabinoxylan, β-Glucan and Glucomannan by Pig Fecal Microbiota
Bai, Y., Zhou, X., Li, N., Zhao, J., Ye, H., Zhang, S., Yang, H., Pi, Y., Tao, S., Han, D., et al. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9051071 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Treatment of refractory epilepsy with natalizumab in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Case report
Sotgiu, S., Murrighile, M. R., & Constantin, G. (2010) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-10-84 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Therapeutic potential of CB2 targeting in multiple sclerosis
Docagne, F., Mestre, L., Loría, F., Hernangómez, M., Correa, F., & Guaza, C. (2008) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728222.12.2.185 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment in an animal model of multiple sclerosis and its amelioration by glatiramer acetate
Aharoni, R., Schottlender, N., Bar‐Lev, D. D., Eilam, R., Sela, M., Tsoory, M., & Arnon, R. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40713-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A 2-year observational study of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis converting to glatiramer acetate from other disease-modifying therapies: the COPTIMIZE trial
Ziemssen, T., Bajenaru, O. A., Carrá, A., Klippel, N. D., de Sá, J. C., Edland, A., Frederiksen, J. L., Heinzlef, O., Karageorgiou, K. E., Delgado, R. H. L., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-014-7446-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Perspectives on Cannabis-Based Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis: A Mini-Review
Mecha, M., Carrillo-Salinas, F. J., Feliú, A., Mestre, L., & Guaza, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00034 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Combination therapies in multiple sclerosis
Gold, R. (2008) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-008-1008-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis: glatiramer acetate induces anti-inflammatory T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid
Hestvik, A. L. K., Skorstad, G., Price, D. A., Vartdal, F., & Holmøy, T. (2008) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458508089411 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
CD8+ T Cells Are Required For Glatiramer Acetate Therapy in Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease
Tyler, A. F., Mendoza, J. P., Firan, M., & Karandikar, N. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066772 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Nano and Microparticle Emerging Strategies for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases: Multiple Sclerosis and Type 1 Diabetes
Kwiatkowski, A. J., Stewart, J. M., Cho, J. J., Avram, D., & Keselowsky, B. G. (2020) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202000164 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Advances in the treatment of relapsing - Remitting multiple sclerosis
Constantinescu, C. S., Tănăsescu, R., Ionete, C., & Chou, I. (2014) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.4103/2319-4170.130440 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A review on multiple sclerosis: Unravelling the complexities of pathogenesis, progression, mechanisms and therapeutic innovations
Zainab, S. R., Khan, J., Tipu, M. K., Jahan, F., & Irshad, N. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.12.029 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Antigen-Specific Treatment Modalities in MS: The Past, the Present, and the Future
Derdelinckx, J., Cras, P. P., Berneman, Z. N., & Cools, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.624685 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sensing the microenvironment of the central nervous system: immune cells in the central nervous system and their pharmacological manipulation
Fábry, Z., Schreiber, H. A., Harris, M. G., & Sándor, M. (2008) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2008.07.009 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Role of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Murine Models of Multiple Sclerosis
Monaghan, K. L., & Wan, E. C. K. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9030611 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kirenol Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting Differentiation of Th1 and Th17 Cells and Inducing Apoptosis of Effector T Cells
Xiao, J., Yang, R., Yang, L., Fan, X., Liu, W., & Deng, W. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep09022 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation and Neuroprotection: An Update on (Future) Neurotrophin-Related Strategies in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment
Santi, L. D., Polimeni, G., Cuzzocrea, S., Esposito, E., Sessa, E., Annunziata, P., & Bramanti, P. (2011) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/092986711795496881 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine Control of Macrophage Development and Function
Jurberg, A. D., Cotta-de-Almeida, V., Temerozo, J. R., Savino, W., Bou‐Habib, D. C., & Riederer, I. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01440 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Novel Function of Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 in Suppressing Th17 Cell Development in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Su, P., Chen, S., Zheng, Y., Zhou, H., Yan, C., Yu, F., Zhang, Y., He, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1502457 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Two decades of subcutaneous glatiramer acetate injection: current role of the standard dose, and new high-dose low-frequency glatiramer acetate in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis treatment
Zecca, C., Caporro, M., Disanto, G., & Gobbi, C. (2014) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s68698 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The relevance of BDNF for neuroprotection and neuroplasticity in multiple sclerosis
Maiworm, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1385042 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: current therapeutic strategies and future perspectives
Gajofatto, A., Turatti, M., & Benedetti, M. D. (2016) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2017.1257385 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
An Update on the Use of Disease-Modifying Therapy in Pregnant Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Vaughn, C. B., Bushra, A., Kolb, C., & Weinstock‐Guttman, B. (2018) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-018-0496-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Retinoic acid enhances the levels of IL-10 in TLR-stimulated B cells from patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Eriksen, A. B., Berge, T., Gustavsen, M. W., Leikfoss, I. S., Bos, S. D., Spurkland, A., Harbo, H. F., & Blomhoff, H. K. (2014) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.11.019 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Metabolic response to glatiramer acetate therapy in multiple sclerosis patients
Riccardis, L. D., Ferramosca, A., Danieli, A., Trianni, G., Zara, V., Robertis, F. D., & Maffia, M. (2016) · BBA Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.10.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Place of PET to Assess New Therapeutic Effectiveness in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Dupont, A.-C., Largeau, B., Guilloteau, D., Ribeiro, M. J., & Arlicot, N. (2018) · Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1155/2018/7043578 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Molecular and neuroimmune pharmacology of S1P receptor modulators and other disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis
Kihara, Y., & Chun, J. J. M. (2023) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108432 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Regulatory Properties of Copolymer I in Th17 Differentiation by Altering STAT3 Phosphorylation
Chen, C., Liu, X., Wan, B., & Zhang, J. Z. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900193 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate and the glatiramoid class of immunomodulator drugs in multiple sclerosis: an update
Johnson, K. P. (2010) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1517/17425251003752715 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Autoimmune Versus Oligodendrogliopathy: The Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis
Nakahara, J., Aiso, S., & Suzuki, N. (2010) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-010-0094-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The results of two multicenter, open-label studies assessing efficacy, tolerability and safety of protiramer, a high molecular weight synthetic copolymeric mixture, in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Stefano, N. D., Filippi, M., Confavreux, C., Vermersch, P., Simu, M. A., Sindic, C. J. M., Hupperts, R., Bajenaru, O. A., Edan, G., Grimaldi, L. M. E., et al. (2008) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458508098269 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Current Immunological and Clinical Perspective on Vaccinations in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Are They Safe after All?
Tsur, S. W., Zaher, E. A., Tsur, M., Kania, K., & Kalinowska, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22083859 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
An urticarial vasculitis case induced by glatiramer acetate
Çiçek, D., Kandi, B., Oğuz, S., Çobanoğlu, B., Bulut, S., & Saral, Y. (2008) · Journal of Dermatological Treatment · doi:10.1080/09546630801961067 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Molecular Interventions towards Multiple Sclerosis Treatment
Metaxakis, A., Petratou, D., & Tavernarakis, N. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10050299 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Balancing the benefits and risks of disease-modifying therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis
Sørensen, P. S. (2011) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(11)70006-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
MTR recovery in brain lesions in the BECOME study of glatiramer acetate vs interferon β-1b
Brown, R. A., Narayanan, S., Stikov, N., Cook, S. D., Cadavid, D., Wolansky, L. J., & Arnold, D. L. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003043 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Risks vs benefits of glatiramer acetate: a changing perspective as new therapies emerge for multiple sclerosis
Johnson, K. P. (2010) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s6743 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Neuroprotective Effect of Glatiramer Acetate on Neurofilament Light Chain Leakage and Glutamate Excess in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Aharoni, R., Eilam, R., Lerner, S., Shavit-Stein, E., Dori, A., Chapman, J., & Arnon, R. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413419 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Current regulatory approaches of bioequivalence testing
Karalis, V. D., & Macheras, P. E. (2012) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1517/17425255.2012.690394 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Double-Edged Sword of Autoimmunity: Lessons from Multiple Sclerosis
Hestvik, A. L. K. (2010) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins2040856 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate treatment effects on gene expression in monocytes of multiple sclerosis patients
Thamilarasan, M., Hecker, M., Goertsches, R. H., Paap, B. K., Schröder, I., Koczan, D., Thiesen, H., & Zettl, U. K. (2013) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-10-126 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Knowns and unknowns in the future of multiple sclerosis treatment
Stüve, O. (2009) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(09)71298-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate and therapeutic peptide vaccines for multiple sclerosis
Conner, J. B. (2014) · Journal of Autoimmunity and Cell Responses · doi:10.7243/2054-989x-1-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Clinical development, immunogenicity, and interchangeability of follow-on complex drugs
Nicholas, J. (2014) · Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal · doi:10.5639/gabij.2014.0302.020 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Predictive cytokine biomarkers of clinical response to glatiramer acetate therapy in multiple sclerosis
Valenzuela, R. M., Kaufman, M., Balashov, K. E., Ito, K., Buyske, S. G., & Dhib-Jalbut, S. S. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.06.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Catalytic Antibodies May Contribute to Demyelination in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Jensen, M. A., Dafoe, M. L., Wilhelmy, J., Cervantes, L., Okumu, A. N., Kipp, L. B., Nemat‐Gorgani, M., & Davis, R. W. (2023) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00433 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Glatiramoids
Weinstein, V., Schwartz, R., Grossman, I., Zeskind, B. J., & Nicholas, J. M. (2015) · AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16241-6_4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate attenuates the activation of CD4+ T cells by modulating STAT1 and −3 signaling in glia
Ahn, Y.-H., Jeon, S., Chang, C. Y., Goh, E. A., Kim, S. S., Kim, H. J., Song, J., & Park, E. J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40484 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
B-Cell Activity Predicts Response to Glatiramer Acetate and Interferon in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Tacke, S., Braune, S., Rovituso, D. M., Ziemssen, T., Lehmann, P., Dikow, H., Bergmann, A., & Küerten, S. (2021) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000980 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
A multicentric pharmacovigilance study: collection and analysis of adverse drug reactions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients
Gugliandolo, A., Longo, F., Marrosu, M. G., Mancardi, G., Gandoglia, I., Melis, M., Giudice, F. L., Bramanti, P., & Mazzon, E. (2018) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s174864 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
An Immunomodulatory Peptide Dendrimer Inspired from Glatiramer Acetate
Erzina, D., Capecchi, A., Javor, S., & Reymond, J. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202113562 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Defining and characterizing non-biological complex drugs (NBCDs) – Is size enough? The case for liposomal doxorubicin generics (‘liposomal nanosimilars’) for injection
Moghimi, S. M., & Farhangrazi, Z. S. (2014) · Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal · doi:10.5639/gabij.2014.0302.017 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Copolymer-1 Immunization Reduces Damage in Retinal Ganglion Cells Under High Intraocular Pressure Through Altering the Expression of Retinal Neurotrophins
Yang, B., Li, S., Song, W., Xiao, Z., Shi, L.-P., & Yuan, H. (2010) · Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/jop.2009.0037 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Activité à long terme de l’acétate de glatiramère dans le traitement de la sclérose en plaques : état des connaissances
Brochet, B. (2008) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2008.02.045 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Crosstalk between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Neurological Disorders: A Review
Azhar, A., Wali, M. A., Rashid, Q., Khan, W. H., Alhosaini, K. A., Owais, M., & Kamal, M. A. (2022) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527321666220418114009 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Evaluations of PI-2301, a Potent Immunomodulator, in a First-in-Human, Single-Ascending-Dose Study in Healthy Volunteers
Kovalchin, J., Krieger, J. I., Collins, K. S., Genova, M., Augustyniak, M. E., Masci, A., Avril, T., Gandon, G., Patat, A. A., Fauchoux, N., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0091270010373930 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The role of glatiramer acetate in the early treatment of multiple sclerosis
Brandes, D. W. (2010) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s5898 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Therapeutic peptides for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: a place in therapy
Talotta, R., Atzeni, F., & Laska, M. J. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2020.1777983 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Side effect profile similarities shared between antidepressants and immune-modulators reveal potential novel targets for treating major depressive disorders
Sun, Y., Narayan, V. A., & Wittenberg, G. M. (2016) · BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s40360-016-0090-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Etiopathogenesis, Classical Immunotherapy and Innovative Nanotherapeutics for Inflammatory Neurological Disorders
Sá, M. J., Guimarães, J., Abreu, P., Mendes, A., & Souto, E. B. (2011) · Current Nanoscience · doi:10.2174/157341311794480318 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Position of Cladribine Tablets in the Management of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: An Expert Narrative Review From the United Arab Emirates
Inshasi, J. S. S., Al-Fahad, S. A., Alsaadi, T. M., Hassan, A., Zein, T., Mifsud, V. A., Nouri, S. I., Shakra, M., Shatila, A. O., Szólics, M., et al. (2021) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-021-00243-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
JNK and phosphorylated Bcl-2 predict multiple sclerosis clinical activity and glatiramer acetate therapeutic response
Anselmo, F., Tatomir, A., Boodhoo, D., Mekala, A. P., Nguyen, V. Q., Rus, V., & Rus, H. (2019) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2019.108297 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Induction of a higher-ordered architecture in glatiramer acetate improves its biological efficiency in an animal model of multiple sclerosis
Song, Z., Khaw, Y. M., Pacheco, L. A., Tseng, K.-Y., Tan, Z., Cai, K., Ponnusamy, E., Cheng, J., & Inoue, M. (2020) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d0bm00957a · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Considerations on long-term immuno-intervention in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: an expert opinion
Grigoriadis, N., Linnebank, M., Alexandri, N., Mühl, S., & Hofbauer, G. F. L. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2016.1232712 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
ε 2 , ε 3 , and ε 4 variants of ApoE ; rs2228570 (VDR) , rs4588 and rs7041 (VDBP) polymorphisms in patients with multiple sclerosis: A case–control study in Turkish population
Gezmiş, H., Domaç, F. M., Örmeci, B., Uzunçakmak-Uyanık, H., Doran, T., Keleş, E. Ç., & Kıraç, D. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14801 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exploring the neuroprotective potential of immunosuppressants in Parkinson's disease
Mubarak, H., Racette, B. A., Killion, J. A., Faust, I. M., Laurido-Soto, O., Doddamreddy, S. A., & Nielsen, S. S. (2025) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2025.107294 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
NMR in the Characterization of Complex Mixture Drugs
Guerrini, M., Rudd, T. R., & Yates, E. A. (2019) · AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11751-1_7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
For Massachusetts Eye and Ear Special Issue: Updates on Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis for the Ophthalmologist
Bakaeva, T. V., & Prasad, S. (2019) · Seminars in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/08820538.2019.1620806 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Autoimmune disease in the brain – how to spot the culprits and how to keep them in check
Flügel, A., Schläger, C., Lühder, F., & Odoardi, F. (2011) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(11)70002-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Interferon beta and glatiramer acetate induce proliferation of Schwann cells in vitro
Zanon, R. G., Pierucci, A., & de Oliveira, A. L. R. (2009) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2009-1737 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine Cell Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Arising in Long Standing History of Multiple Sclerosis
Boussios, S., Kostadima, V., Batistatou, A. K., Tourkantonis, I., Fotopoulos, G., Argyropoulou, M. I., & Pavlidis, N. A. (2015) · Case Reports in Oncological Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/135976 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Parallels with Autoimmune Disorders
Brenu, E. W., Tajouri, L., Ashton, K. J., Staines, D., & Marshall-Gradisnik, S. M. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/53440 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Link of the mechanisms of action of glatiramer acetate to its long-term clinical data.
Moreau, T. (2009) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(09)70005-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Role of T and B cells in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Pavelek, Z., Krejsek, J., & Vališ, M. (2016) · Neurologie pro praxi · doi:10.36290/neu.2016.020 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The Evolving Mechanisms of Action of Glatiramer AcetatePreprint
Prod’homme, T., & Zamvil, S. S. (2018) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029249 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Glatiramer acetate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: evidence for a dual anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective role
Liblau, R. (2009) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(09)71296-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Immunomodulation of Glatiramer Acetate in Multiple Sclerosis
Chen, C. (2016) · Neurochemistry & Neuropharmacology · doi:10.4172/2469-9780.1000110 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mechanisms of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis
Neuhaus, O., Farina, C., Wekerle, H., & Hohlfeld, R. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.6.702 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Glatiramer Acetate for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: From First-Generation Therapy to Elucidation of Immunomodulation and Repair
Aharoni, R., Milo, R., & Arnon, R. (2024) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.124.000927 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Authors: Ziemssen, T., & Schrempf, W.
Affiliations: Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
ORCID: Ziemssen, Tjalf
Venue: International review of neurobiology
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 2007
Volume: 79
Pages: 537-570
ISSN: 0074-7742 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79024-4
OpenAlex: W1906718334
Cited by: 135
References: 126
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 42.44
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International review of neurobiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
Keywords: glatiramer acetate, multiple sclerosis, mechanism of action, myelin basic protein, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, MHC binding, antigen presentation, T cell regulation, dendritic cells, monocytes, antigen-presenting cells, Th2 cells, bystander suppression, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophic factors, immunomodulatory therapy, cytokine production
MeSH terms: Glatiramer Acetate, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocytes, Multiple Sclerosis, Peptides, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks