The DOI matches its Crossref record; 116 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evolution of human cognitive architecture
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The limitations of working memory only apply to new, yet to be learned information that has not been stored in long-term memory.”
From Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching (2006) · cites this paper as Sweller, 2003
Citations
Cites
Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, C. F. G. R., Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody, M. C., Baldwin, J., Devon, K., Dewar, K., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35057062 · Cited by 24,216
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1956) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043158 · Cited by 17,812
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.343 · Cited by 17,563
Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning
Sweller, J. (1988) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7 · Cited by 11,048
Self-citationBaddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860
REMEMBERING: A STUDY IN EXPERIMENTAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Bartlett, F. C., & Burt, C. (1933) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1933.tb02913.x · Cited by 7,475
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60422-3 · Cited by 7,216
Axten, N., Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1973) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2063712 · Cited by 6,886
Newell, A. (1972) · Cited by 6,222
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 514
Constructivism-Based Mobile Application for EFL Vocabulary Learning
Wang, F., & Suwanthep, J. (2017) · International Journal of Learning and Teaching · doi:10.18178/ijlt.3.2.106-112 · Cited by 12
Agostinho, S., Tindall‐Ford, S., & Bokosmaty, S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7485-2_21 · Cited by 12
Visual Causal Models Enhance Clinical Explanations of Treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Kim, N. S., Khalife, D., Judge, K. A., Paulus, D. J., Jordan, J. T., & Yopchick, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.829136 · Cited by 12
Effects of Multimedia Redundancy in History Learning among ‘Deep and Surface’ Students
Hii, S. C., & Fong, S. F. (2010) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v6n6p119 · Cited by 12
Giovanni Parodi, S., & Julio, C. (2015) · Alpha Revista de Artes Letras y Filosofía · doi:10.4067/s0718-22012015000200011 · Cited by 12
Integration of scheduling analysis into UML based development processes through model transformation
Hagner, M., & Goltz, U. (2010) · Proceedings of the International Multiconference on Computer Science and Information Technology · doi:10.1109/imcsit.2010.5679736 · Cited by 11
Investigating the influence of transitory information and motivation during instructional animations
Ayres, P., & Youssef, A. (2008) · Cited by 11
A design study of a multimedia instructional grammar program with embedded tracking
Koehler, N. A., Thompson, A. D., & Phye, G. D. (2010) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-010-9161-2 · Cited by 11
Multitasking of Teachers in the Contemporary Settings: Boon or Bane?Preprint
Alquizar, J. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3283601 · Cited by 13
Task-Layered Clinical Orientation for New Graduate Registered Nurses
Cantrell, F. L., McKenzie, K., & Hessler, K. (2022) · Journal for Nurses in Professional Development · doi:10.1097/nnd.0000000000000841 · Cited by 10
Takır, A., & Aksu, M. (2012) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2012.32037 · Cited by 11
‘When Dual Sensory Mode with Limited Text Presentation Enhance Learning’
Sombatteera, S., & Kalyuga, S. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.160 · Cited by 12
An Integrated Human Cognitive Architecture
Sweller, J. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10089-1 · Cited by 14
Self-citationUsing systems thinking to understand the evolving role of technology in the design process
Huber, A. M., Waxman, L. K., & Dyar, C. (2020) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-020-09590-1 · Cited by 9
(Inter)dependent learning: Learning is interaction
Kirschner, P. A. (2006) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 9
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AT SECONDARY LEVEL IN PAKISTAN
Ahmad, F. F. (2011) · Cited by 9
Kenneally, C. D., & Bentley, B. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14091036 · Cited by 8
Ahn, J. (2010) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 8
Adventures and Advances in Instructional Design Theory and Practice
Spector, J. M. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09667-4_1 · Cited by 8
Cognitive Load Theory: What We Learn and How We Learn
Sweller, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17727-4_50-1 · Cited by 8
Self-citationAmadieu, F., Tricot, A., & Mariné, C. (2011) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503311002053 · Cited by 8
Heck, A., Houwing, H., & de Beurs, C. (2009) · The Electronic Journal of e-Learning · Cited by 8
Competence Development of Synchronously Coached Trainee Teachers in Collaborative Learning.
Hooreman, R. W., Kommers, P., & Jochems, W. M. G. (2008) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2008v33n1.2 · Cited by 8
The Analysis of Smart Phone Application for Early Childhood Based on Cognitive Theory
Kim, E., Park, S.-D., & Kim, K.-C. (2011) · Journal of Korea Game Society · doi:10.7583/jkgs.2011.11.4.163 · Cited by 8
Effects of synchronous coaching in teacher training
Hooreman, R. W., Kommers, P., & Jochems, W. M. G. (2008) · International Journal of Continuing Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning · doi:10.1504/ijceell.2008.018836 · Cited by 8
Kirschner, P. A., & Sweller, J. (2006) · Cited by 8
Self-citationTesting the additivity hypothesis of cognitive load theory
Park, B. (2010) · Publications of the UdS (Saarland University) · doi:10.22028/d291-23309 · Cited by 9
Fan, X. (2015) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2015.1005 · Cited by 10
Green STEM to Improve Mathematics Proficiency: ESA Mission Space Lab
Garcia-Piqueras, M., & Ruiz-Gallardo, J.-R. (2021) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math9172066 · Cited by 7
Learning and Assessment: Twenty-First Century Skills and Cognitive Readiness
Baker, E. L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7579-8_3 · Cited by 7
Biological evolution and human cognition are analogous information processing systems
Castro-Alonso, J. C., Hidalgo, A. A., & Sweller, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1330345 · Cited by 7
Self-citationEnhancing the Learning Experience Using Real-Time Cognitive Evaluation
Chaouachi, M., Jraidi, I., Lajoie, S. P., & Frasson, C. (2019) · International Journal of Information and Education Technology · doi:10.18178/ijiet.2019.9.10.1287 · Cited by 7
Labak, I., Perić, M. S., & Radanović, I. (2020) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci10080209 · Cited by 7
Pedagogical constraints of physical literacy based on cognitive load theory
Dudley, D. A., Dean, H., Cairney, J., & Bergen, P. V. (2020) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-020-09496-9 · Cited by 9
A bibliometric review of driver information processing and application studies
Li, J., Zhang, W., Feng, Z., Liu, L., & Guan, H. (2023) · Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.jtte.2023.05.004 · Cited by 7
Effects of speaker variability on learning foreign-accented English for EFL learners.
Gao, Y., Low, R., Jin, P., & Sweller, J. (2013) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033024 · Cited by 6
Self-citationLongo, L., & Rajendran, M. (2021) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91408-0_2 · Cited by 7
Comparison of Guided and Open Inquiry Instruction in a High School Physics Classroom
Guisti, B. (2008) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) · Cited by 7
Movement Patterns and Trajectories in Three-Dimensional Software Visualization
Steinbeck, M., Koschke, R., & Rüdel, M. O. (2019) · IEEE International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM) · doi:10.1109/scam.2019.00027 · Cited by 8
Useful Oblivion Versus Information Overload in e-Learning Examples in the Context of Wiki Systems
Stickel, C., Ebner, M., & Holzinger, A. (2008) · Journal of Computing and Information Technology · doi:10.2498/cit.1001394 · Cited by 7
La compréhension des documents complexes
Jamet, E., Bétrancourt, M., & Bétrancourt, J.-F. (2008) · Ergonomie des documents électroniques · doi:10.3917/puf.cheva.2008.02.0071 · Cited by 4
Ouasri, A. (2017) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c7rp00071e · Cited by 7
Piu, A., Fregola, C., & Santoro, A. (2016) · European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.30935/scimath/9488 · Cited by 6
Remarks on information structure marking asymmetries
Masia, V. (2022) · Linguistik aktuell · doi:10.1075/la.273.02mas · Cited by 6
Foreign Language Learning in Light of Cognitive Learning Theory
Hadi, S. A. K. (2022) · Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics · doi:10.32996/jeltal.2022.4.4.7 · Cited by 6
The relationship between preschoolers’ selective attention and memory for location strategies
Blumberg, F. C., Torenberg, M., & Randall, J. D. (2005) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2005.04.006 · Cited by 6
Categories of Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach
Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8126-4_1 · Cited by 6
Self-citationSilverman, M. J., & Schwartzberg, E. T. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118781937 · Cited by 6
Structure Processing of Web-Based Menus
Patsula, P. J., Detenber, B. H., & Theng, Y. (2010) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2010.487197 · Cited by 6
Murcia, K., Lowe, G. M., Mavilidi, M. F., Cross, E., de Kok, M., & Peng, W. (2024) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-024-00785-2 · Cited by 5
Lai, Y.-H. (2023) · Library Hi Tech · doi:10.1108/lht-01-2023-0002 · Cited by 5
Using Modular Abstract Prototypes as Evolving Research Means in Design Inclusive Research
Horváth, I., & Bois, E. D. (2012) · ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (IDETC/CIE) · doi:10.1115/detc2012-70050 · Cited by 5
The Cognitive Limits to Economic Cluster Formation
Carrol, M. C., & Zeller, M. C. (2012) · Urbani izziv · doi:10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2012-23-supplement-1-005 · Cited by 5
Luchini, P. L., & Ferreiro, G. M. (2014) · Didáctica Lengua y Literatura · doi:10.5209/rev_dida.2014.v26.46834 · Cited by 5
Learning and Instruction: a review of main research lines during recent decades
Schnotz, W. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-015-0663-1 · Cited by 6
Using the DSAP Framework to Guide Instructional Design and Technology Integration in BYOD Classrooms
Wasko, C. W. (2016) · Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/21532974.2016.1169957 · Cited by 5
Vallauri, E. L., & Masia, V. (2016) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-016-9417-9 · Cited by 4
Geometry Classrooms With Simulation/Games. Research Results and Future Developments
Piu, A., Fregola, C., & Barbieri, B. (2016) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878116665464 · Cited by 5
Sweller, J., & Ayres, P. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841332.013.17 · Cited by 5
Self-citationJefferies, G., Fox, M., Dodds, L., & Davis, C. (2024) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2024.2324906 · Cited by 10
Zhilin, D. M., & Tkachuk, L. E. (2013) · International Journal of Physics & Chemistry Education · doi:10.51724/ijpce.v5i1.73 · Cited by 5
Chen, O., Manalo, E., & She, Y. (2017) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2017.1390444 · Cited by 6
Luchini, P. L. (2015) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14334-7_5 · Cited by 7
Interactivity and the Constraints of Cognitive Load Theory
Leahy, W., Cooper, G. A., & Sweller, J. (2004) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781403982285_7 · Cited by 5
Self-citationZhuhadar, L., & Ciampa, M. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.013 · Cited by 5
Individuals with ADHD and the Cognitive Processing of Multimedia
Lewis, D., & Brown, V. S. (2012) · Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference · Cited by 4
Επισκοπική μελέτη κριτηρίων αξιολόγησης εκπαιδευτικών βίντεο
Σοφός, Α. (2021) · Open Journal of Animation Film and Interactive Media in Education and Culture [AFIMinEC] · doi:10.12681/afiinmec.27153 · Cited by 4
Future Trends in Education Post COVID-19
Al-Naimiy, H. M. K., Bettayeb, M., Elmehdi, H. M., & Shehadi, I. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1927-7 · Cited by 5
Collaborer pour mieux apprendre d'une animation
Rebetez, C., Bétrancourt, M., Sangin, M., & Dillenbourg, P. (2005) · Conference on l'Interaction Homme-Machine (IHM) · doi:10.1145/1148550.1148572 · Cited by 4
Challenges Faced by Non-Professional Interpreters in Interpreting Church Sermons in Malaysia
Tan, A. K. D., Amini, M., & Lee, K.-F. (2021) · International Online Journal of Language Communication and Humanities (INSANIAH) · doi:10.47254/k6qzd023 · Cited by 4
Fan, X., & Geelan, D. (2012) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 4
Adu, E. O., & Olaoye, O. F. (2015) · International Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.1080/09751122.2015.11890276 · Cited by 4
Implementation of clinical references for undergraduates in anatomy
Kranz, A., Bechmann, I., Feja, C., Kohlhaw, K., Bürkigt, T., Lippross, L., Dietze, N., & Löffler, S. (2016) · Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger · doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2016.11.008 · Cited by 4
Corbett, A. T., Reed, S. K., Hoffman, B., MacLaren, B., & Wagner, A. Z. (2010) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 4
Immersives Lernen für Geringliteralisierte
Winther, E., Paeßens, J., Tröster, M., & Bowien-Jansen, B. (2022) · MedienPädagogik Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung · doi:10.21240/mpaed/47/2022.04.13.x · Cited by 4
Human-inspired Perspectives: A Survey on AI Long-term Memory
He, Z., Lin, W., Zheng, H., Zhang, F., Jones, M. W., Aitchison, L., Xu, X., Liu, M., Kristensson, P. O., & Shen, J. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.00489 · Cited by 3
“This framework addresses the limitations of long-term memory modules in current cognitive architectures and has the potential to exceed the adaptability of human long-term memory processing mechanisms [29, 30, 31, 32].”
Xie, X., Wang, C., Dai, T., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-06768-1 · Cited by 4
Kognitive Prozesse in Screening-Prozessen – Suchstrategien in der Bildungstechnologieforschung
Buntins, K., Mulders, M., & Schröder, N. (2023) · MedienPädagogik Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung · doi:10.21240/mpaed/54/2023.11.19.x · Cited by 4
YouTube vs. Lehrmittel – Lernwirksamkeit von Erklärvideos für den Naturwissenschaftsunterricht
Vonschallen, S., Labude, M., Schneider, C., Krüger, M., & Metzger, S. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s40573-024-00171-6 · Cited by 4
Investigations on User Preferences of the Alignment of Process Activities, Objects and Roles
Koschmider, A., Kriglstein, S., & Ullrich, M. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41030-7_5 · Cited by 3
Transcoding Pattern and Simulation Games in Learning Geometry – A Research in Primary School
Piu, A., & Fregola, C. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04954-0_3 · Cited by 3
On Auxiliary Information Presentation Sequence Applied to Mobile Devices
Wang, Y.-H., Koong, C., Chen, C., & Chen, D. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Wireless, Mobile and Ubiquitous Technology in Education (WMUTE) · doi:10.1109/wmute.2012.66 · Cited by 3
Modeling teachers’ reactions to unexpectedness
Kondé, Z., Kovács, Z., & Kónya, E. (2023) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2023.101784 · Cited by 3
Knowledge Organisers for learning: Examples, non-examples and concept maps in university mathematics
Jeong, I., & Evans, T. (2023) · STEM Education · doi:10.3934/steme.2023008 · Cited by 4
Development and Analysis of A Design Model for Geometry-Based Simulation Games
Piu, A., Fregola, C., & Santoro, A. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.206 · Cited by 3
Significantly Increasing the Usability of Model Analysis Tools through Visual Feedback
Aboussoror, E. A., Ober, I., & Ober, I. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38911-5_7 · Cited by 3
Tamjid, N. H., & Hassanzadeh, L. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 3
Ableitinger, C. (2012) · Journal für Mathematik-Didaktik · doi:10.1007/s13138-012-0033-y · Cited by 6
Tekstlesing på skjerm: Noen implikasjoner av et digitalt grensesnitt for lesing og forståelse
Mangen, A., & Kristiansen, M. (2013) · Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift · doi:10.18261/issn1504-2987-2013-01-06 · Cited by 3
L’acquisition raisonnée d’un laboratoire multimédia de langues : de la théorie à la pratique
Terrier, L., & Sirdey, C. V. (2011) · Les Cahiers de l APLIUT · doi:10.4000/apliut.326 · Cited by 3
Meta-Analysis of the Minimalist Training Model.
Ginns, P., Hollender, N., & Reimann, P. (2006) · Cited by 3
AdapterGame e suas Contribuições na Concepção de Jogos Educacionais
Santos, C. P., & Bourscheidt, V. R. R. (2014) · Anais do Workshop de Informática na Escola · doi:10.5753/cbie.wie.2014.26 · Cited by 3
Olaoye, O. F. (2014) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p897 · Cited by 3
Altmeyer, M., SCHWEIZER, K. W., Reiß, S., Ren, X., & Schreiner, M. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.12.019 · Cited by 3
Breaking Down the Barriers of Online Teaching: Training TESOL Teachers in a Virtual Environment
Malczewska-Webb, B., Vallero, A., King, C. P., & Hunter, S. (2016) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31954-4_16 · Cited by 4
Incorporating CTML principles in tablet-based learning
Haridas, M., Nedungadi, P., & Raghu Raman, R. (2017) · International Conference on Technological Advancements in Power and Energy (TAP Energy) · doi:10.1109/tapenergy.2017.8397332 · Cited by 3
Templates and Objects in Authoring Problem-Solving Assessments
Vendlinski, T., Baker, E. L., & Niemi, D. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315096773-16 · Cited by 3
Mehler, A., & Ramesh, V. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26578-6_14 · Cited by 3
Wedel, A., Müller, C. R., Pfetsch, J. S., & Ittel, A. (2020) · Edition ZfE · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-22460-8_5 · Cited by 9
Immersion and Control in Learning Art Knowledge: An Example in Museum Visit
Burgues, M., Huet, N., & Sakdavong, J.-C. (2020) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58459-7_6 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Sweller, J.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sweller, John
- ORCID
- Sweller, John
- Venue
- Psychology of Learning and Motivation
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2003
- Pages
- 215-266
- ISSN
- 0079-7421 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1860905340
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 49.87
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality › Traffic and Road Safety
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Road Transport and Highway Systems
- Keywords
- driver information processing, situational awareness, visual load, route choice, driver behavior, human-computer interaction, autonomous vehicles, road safety, research trends
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review