Varieties of Confirmation Bias

The case for motivated reasoning.

Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022 · see citing works

Self-Perception Theory

Bem, D. J. (1972) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6 · Cited by 5,241 · see citing works

Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem

Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1990) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261737 · Cited by 3,194 · see citing works

Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments

Brunswik, E. (1956) · doi:10.1525/9780520350519 · Cited by 2,974 · see citing works

Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing

Klayman, J., & Ha, Y.-W. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.2.211 · Cited by 2,094 · see citing works

Pragmatic reasoning schemas

Cheng, P. W., & Holyoak, K. J. (1985) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(85)90014-3 · Cited by 1,463 · see citing works

HARKing: Hypothesizing after the results are known

Kerr, N. L. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0203_4 · Cited by 1,989 · see citing works

Corporate social responsibility and media coverage

Cahan, S. F., Chen, C., Chen, L., & Nguyen, N. H. (2015) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.07.004 · Cited by 365 · see citing works

Groups perform better than the best individuals on Letters-to-Numbers problems

Laughlin, P. R., Bonner, B. L., & Miner, A. G. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00003-1 · Cited by 218 · see citing works

Thinking about diagnostic thinking: a 30-year perspective

Elstein, A. S. (2009) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-009-9184-0 · Cited by 205 · see citing works

Risk assessment in context

Gambrill, E., & Shlonsky, A. (2000) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/s0190-7409(00)00123-7 · Cited by 187 · see citing works

What Is the Function of Confirmation Bias?

Peters, U. (2022) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-020-00252-1 · Cited by 163 · see citing works

The Bias That Divides Us: The Science and Politics of Myside Thinking

Stanovich, K. E. (2021) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/13367.001.0001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Roles of medial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex in self-evaluation

Beer, J. S., Lombardo, M. V., & Bhanji, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21359 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Describing the Process of Adopting Nutrition and Fitness Apps: Behavior Stage Model Approach

König, L. M., Sproesser, G., Schupp, H. T., & Renner, B. (2018) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.8261 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Survey on Machine Learning Biases and Mitigation Techniques

Siddique, S., Haque, M. A., George, R., Gupta, K. D., Gupta, D., & Faruk, M. J. H. (2023) · Digital · doi:10.3390/digital4010001 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Known Unknowns: A Critical Determinant of Confidence and Calibration

Walters, D. J., Fernbach, P. M., Fox, C. R., & Sloman, S. A. (2017) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2016.2580 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Approach-Induced Biases in Human Information Sampling

Hunt, L. T., Rutledge, R. B., Malalasekera, W. M. N., Kennerley, S. W., & Dolan, R. J. (2016) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2000638 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

The perceived surveillance of conversations through smart devices

Frick, N. R. J., Wilms, K. L., Brachten, F., Hetjens, T., Stieglitz, S., & Ross, B. (2021) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101046 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Arguing against confirmation bias: The effect of argumentative discourse goals on the use of disconfirming evidence in written argument

Villarroel, C., Felton, M., & Garcia-Mila, M. (2016) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2016.06.009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Generative artificial intelligence–mediated confirmation bias in health information seeking

Lopez‐Lopez, E., Abels, C. M., Holford, D., Herzog, S. M., & Lewandowsky, S. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15413 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Opportunities and risks of artificial intelligence in patient portal messaging in primary care

Biro, J. M., Handley, J. L., Malcolm McCurry, J., Visconti, A., Weinfeld, J., Gregory Trafton, J., & Ratwani, R. M. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01586-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

The influence of prior belief on scientific thinking

Evans, J. S. B. T. (2002) · The Cognitive Basis of Science · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613517.011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Be Friendly, Not Friends: How LLM Sycophancy Shapes User Trust

Sun, Y., & Wang, T. (2026) · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791079 · Cited by 16

Feedback Loops With Language Models Drive In-Context Reward Hacking

Pan, A., Jones, E., Jagadeesan, M., & Steinhardt, J. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.06627 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

O novo e o velho na organização da mídia no território brasileiro: contribuições para a leitura da conjuntura atual a partir de Milton Santos

Pasti, A. (2022) · PerCursos · doi:10.5965/1984724623512022238